Frederic M. Richards

Frederic M. Richards's AcademicInfluence.com Rankings

Physics

#1206

World Rank

#1895

Historical Rank

#527

USA Rank

Biophysics

#24

World Rank

#26

Historical Rank

USA Rank

physics Degrees

Frederic M. Richards

Biology

#1117

World Rank

#1915

Historical Rank

#582

USA Rank

Biochemistry

#173

World Rank

#222

Historical Rank

#91

USA Rank

biology Degrees

Download Badge

Physics
Biology

Why Is Frederic M. Richards Influential?

(Suggest an Edit or Addition)

According to Wikipedia, Frederic Middlebrook Richards , commonly referred to as Fred Richards, was an American biochemist and biophysicist known for solving the pioneering crystal structure of the ribonuclease S enzyme in 1967 and for defining the concept of solvent-accessible surface. He contributed many key experimental and theoretical results and developed new methods, garnering over 20,000 journal citations in several quite distinct research areas. In addition to the protein crystallography and biochemistry of ribonuclease S, these included solvent accessibility and internal packing of proteins, the first side-chain rotamer library, high-pressure crystallography, new types of chemical tags such as biotin/avidin, the nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift index, and structural and biophysical characterization of the effects of mutations.

(See a Problem?)

Frederic M. Richards's Published Works

Number of citations in a given year to any of this author's works

Total number of citations to an author for the works they published in a given year. This highlights publication of the most important work(s) by the author

Published Works

The interpretation of protein structures: estimation of static accessibility. (1971) (5396)
Areas, volumes, packing and protein structure. (1977) (2289)
The chemical shift index: a fast and simple method for the assignment of protein secondary structure through NMR spectroscopy. (1992) (1917)
Relationship between nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift and protein secondary structure. (1991) (1585)
Tertiary templates for proteins. Use of packing criteria in the enumeration of allowed sequences for different structural classes. (1987) (1388)
The interpretation of protein structures: total volume, group volume distributions and packing density. (1974) (838)
An efficient newton‐like method for molecular mechanics energy minimization of large molecules (1987) (715)
A voltage-gated ion channel model inferred from the crystal structure of alamethicin at 1.5-Å resolution (1982) (647)
Chemical cross-linking: reagents and problems in studies of membrane structure. (1977) (517)
Glutaraldehyde as a protein cross-linking reagent (1968) (507)
Structural determinants of peptide-binding orientation and of sequence specificity in SH3 domains (1995) (441)
The preparation of subtilisn-modified ribonuclease and the separation of the peptide and protein components. (1959) (439)
Identification of structural motifs from protein coordinate data: Secondary structure and first‐level supersecondary structure * (1988) (401)
The three-dimensional structure of ribonuclease-S. Interpretation of an electron density map at a nominal resolution of 2 A. (1970) (367)
Packing of α-helices: Geometrical constraints and contact areas☆ (1978) (333)
Crystal structure of hen egg-white lysozyme at a hydrostatic pressure of 1000 atmospheres. (1987) (293)
An approach to nearest neighbor analysis of membrane proteins. Application to the human erythrocyte membrane of a method employing cleavable cross-linkages. (1974) (291)
24 Bovine Pancreatic Ribonuclease (1971) (290)
Use of the avidin-biotin complex for specific staining of biological membranes in electron microscopy. (1974) (261)
The matching of physical models to three-dimensional electron-density maps: a simple optical device. (1968) (256)
3-Trifluoromethyl-3-phenyldiazirine. A new carbene generating group for photolabeling reagents. (1980) (255)
NMR sequential assignment of Escherichia coli thioredoxin utilizing random fractional deuteriation. (1988) (255)
Construction of new ligand binding sites in proteins of known structure. I. Computer-aided modeling of sites with pre-defined geometry. (1991) (239)
INTERMOLECULAR CROSS LINKING OF A PROTEIN IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE: CARBOXYPEPTIDASE-A. (1964) (222)
1H-15N heteronuclear NMR studies of Escherichia coli thioredoxin in samples isotopically labeled by residue type. (1985) (217)
The Enzymic Behavior of Carboxypeptidase-A in the Solid State* (1966) (196)
An analysis of packing in the protein folding problem (1993) (193)
Calculation of molecular volumes and areas for structures of known geometry. (1985) (184)
THE PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF NEUROSPORA MALATE DEHYDROGENASE. (1965) (175)
The HA2 subunit of influenza hemagglutinin inserts into the target membrane prior to fusion. (1991) (171)
ON THE ENZYMIC ACTIVITY OF SUBTILISIN-MODIFIED RIBONUCLEASE. (1958) (166)
An experimental procedure for increasing the structural resolution of chemical hydrogen-exchange measurements on proteins: application to ribonuclease S peptide. (1979) (158)
Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology (2010) (147)
The Use of the Gradient Tube for the Determination of Crystal Densities1a (1952) (140)
Protein folding: evaluation of some simple rules for the assembly of helices into tertiary structures with myoglobin as an example. (1979) (139)
Algorithms for calculating excluded volume and its derivatives as a function of molecular conformation and their use in energy minimization (1991) (139)
Packing defects, cavities, volume fluctuations, and access to the interior of proteins. Including some general comments on surface area and protein structure (1979) (138)
Optimal sequence selection in proteins of known structure by simulated evolution. (1994) (137)
Design of a diffractometer and flow cell system for X-ray analysis of crystalline proteins with applications to the crystal chemistry of ribonuclease-S. (1967) (131)
Protein packing: dependence on protein size, secondary structure and amino acid composition. (2000) (121)
Calcium-induced increase in the radius of gyration and maximum dimension of calmodulin measured by small-angle X-ray scattering. (1985) (118)
Atlas of molecular structures in biology (1973) (116)
Construction of new ligand binding sites in proteins of known structure. II. Grafting of a buried transition metal binding site into Escherichia coli thioredoxin. (1991) (112)
The crystal structure of a mutant protein with altered but improved hydrophobic core packing. (1994) (110)
Thermodynamics of protein-peptide interactions in the ribonuclease S system studied by titration calorimetry. (1990) (109)
Anion binding and pH-dependent electrostatic effects in ribonuclease. (1982) (106)
The reaction of O-methylisourea with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. (1957) (103)
Photochemical labeling of the surface proteins of human erythrocytes. (1974) (102)
The Partitioning of Solutes between Micellar and Aqueous Phases: Measurement by Gel Filtration and Effect on the Kinetics of Some Bimolecular Reactions1 (1964) (102)
Simple techniques for the quantification of protein secondary structure by 1H NMR spectroscopy (1991) (99)
Electrostatic orientation during electron transfer between flavodoxin and cytochrome c (1983) (99)
Critical residues in an SH3 domain from Sem-5 suggest a mechanism for proline-rich peptide recognition (1994) (97)
The Activity of an Enzyme in the Crystalline State: Ribonuclease S (1963) (96)
Refinement of the crystal structure of ribonuclease S. Comparison with and between the various ribonuclease A structures. (1994) (94)
Replacement of proline-76 with alanine eliminates the slowest kinetic phase in thioredoxin folding. (1987) (89)
Structural determinants of peptide-binding orientation and of sequence specificity in SH3 domains (1995) (89)
Reaction of dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate with intact human erythrocytes. Cross-linking of membrane proteins and hemoglobin. (1975) (88)
Heat capacity changes for protein-peptide interactions in the ribonuclease S system. (1992) (86)
Increase in apparent compressibility of cytochrome c upon oxidation. (1982) (79)
Thermodynamics of the binding of S-peptide to S-protein to form ribonuclease S.. (1971) (78)
Analysis of membranes photolabeled with lipid analogues. Reaction of phospholipids containing a disulfide group and a nitrene or carbene precursor with lipids and with gramicidin A. (1980) (78)
The protein folding problem. (1991) (75)
The structure of ribonuclease-S at 6 A resolution. (1967) (73)
Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the solvent in crystals of hen egg-white lysozyme. (1988) (68)
Crystallographic structures of ribonuclease S variants with nonpolar substitution at position 13: packing and cavities. (1993) (64)
Electrostatic field of the large fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. (1985) (63)
Protein stability: still an unsolved problem (1997) (62)
The structure of ribonuclease-S at 3.5 A resolution. (1967) (60)
The pH dependence of hydrogen exchange in proteins. (1983) (59)
Stability and peptide binding affinity of an SH3 domain from the Caenorhabditis elegans signaling protein Sem‐5 (1994) (59)
SEQSEE: a comprehensive program suite for protein sequence analysis (1994) (58)
STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS. (1963) (54)
Preparative-scale isolation of isotopically labeled amino acids. (1982) (54)
Protein structure, ribonuclease-S and nucleotide interactions. (1972) (54)
Measurements of the Density, Composition and Related Unit Cell Dimensions of Some Protein Crystals1a (1954) (53)
Hydrogen exchange from identified regions of the S-protein component of ribonuclease as a function of temperature, pH, and the binding of S-peptide. (1981) (53)
Collection and processing of X‐ray diffraction data from protein crystals at high pressure (1986) (50)
Design, synthesis, and properties of a photoactivatable membrane-spanning phospholipidic probe (1993) (50)
Insertion of apocytochrome c into lipid vesicles. (1984) (49)
Modification of the Methionine Residue in the Peptide Component of Ribonuclease-S (1960) (49)
The Behavior of Cleavable Crosslinking Reagents Based on the Disulfide Group (1974) (48)
Glycinate Complexes of Zinc and Cadmium (1959) (48)
Tertiary Templates for Proteins Use of Packing Criteria in the Enumeration of Allowed Different Structural Classes Sequences (1987) (46)
The action of trypsin on ribonuclease-S. (1962) (44)
The pH-dependent conformational change of diphtheria toxin. (1988) (43)
Human erythrocytes and resealed ghosts. A comparison of membrane topology. (1974) (42)
Thermodynamic and structural consequences of changing a sulfur atom to a methylene group in the M13Nle mutation in ribonuclease-S. (1994) (41)
Reaction of a lipid-soluble, unsymmetrical, cleavable, cross-linking reagent with muscle aldolase and erythrocyte membrane proteins. (1977) (41)
Participation of cysteinyl residues in the structure and function of muscle aldolase. Characterization of mixed disulfide derivatives. (1970) (40)
Mixed disulfide intermediates during the reduction of disulfides by Escherichia coli thioredoxin. (1995) (40)
The hydrophobic core of Escherichia coli thioredoxin shows a high tolerance to nonconservative single amino acid substitutions. (1992) (40)
Photochemical labeling of the cytoplasmic surface of the membranes of intact human erythrocytes. (1975) (39)
Chemical modification of protein thiols: formation of mixed disulfides. (1995) (39)
The histidyl residues in ribonuclease-S. Photooxidation in solution and in single crystals; the iodination of histidine-12. (1966) (37)
Reactivity and structural role of protein amino groups in tobacco mosaic virus. (1968) (36)
Methylene as a possible universal footprinting reagent that will include hydrophobic surface areas: Overview and feasibility: Properties of diazirine as a precursor (2000) (36)
Modification of the Amino Groups of the Peptide Component of Subtilisin-modified Ribonuclease (1960) (35)
GENETIC ALTERATION OF NEUROSPORA MALATE DEHYDROGENASE. (1965) (34)
Effects of high vacancy concentrations on the magnetic properties of La1−xMn1−yO3 (0.02⩽x, y⩽0.13) (1998) (33)
Properties of liquids in small pores. Rates of diffusion of some solutes in cross-linked crystals of beta-lactoglobulin. (1968) (33)
Packing of alpha-helices: geometrical constraints and contact areas. (1978) (32)
Changes in absorption spectra in the ribonuclease-S system. (1962) (32)
Glutaraldehyde as a protein cross-linkage reagent. (1968) (31)
Differential electrostatic stabilization of A‐, B‐, and Z‐forms of DNA (1984) (30)
The influence of lipid state on the planar distribution of membrane proteins in Acholeplasma laidlawii. (1976) (30)
Mobile unnatural amino acid side chains in the core of staphylococcal nuclease (1996) (29)
Attachment of metal-chelating functional groups to hen egg white lysozyme. An approach to introducing heavy atoms into protein crystals. (1968) (29)
Proteolytic and chemical modification of colicin E3 activity. (1976) (28)
Degradation of ribonuclease by subtilisin. (1955) (28)
Isoelectric point of a protein in the crosslinked crystalline state: beta-lactoglobulin. (1968) (26)
Protein geometry: volumes, areas and distances (2012) (26)
Structure of the polyglutamic acid from Bacillus subtilis. (1958) (25)
General Labeling of Membrane Proteins * (1980) (24)
Linderstrøm‐Lang and the Carlsberg Laboratory: The view of a postdoctoral fellow in 1954 (1992) (23)
Improved synthetic methods for the selective deuteration of aromatic amino acids: applications of selective protonation towards the identification of protein folding intermediates through nuclear magnetic resonance. (1993) (22)
Protein surfaces and volumes: measurement and use (2006) (22)
Solvents, interfaces and protein structure. (1977) (21)
A proton nuclear magnetic resonance assignment and secondary structure determination of recombinant human thioredoxin. (1989) (21)
Determination of Protein Crystal Densities (1952) (20)
The interaction of subtilisin-modified ribonuclease with antisera against native ribonuclease. (1959) (20)
Method of Archimedes (2006) (19)
Reduction of thioredoxin significantly decreases its partial specific volume and adiabatic compressibility (1992) (19)
Synthesis of a bipolar phosphatidylethanolamine: A model compound for a membrane-spanning probe (1987) (18)
The Removal and Exchange of Metal Ions in Cross-Linked Crystals of Carboxypeptidase-A* (1966) (18)
Applications of photochemistry in probing biological targets. (1980) (17)
The carboxyl and amide groups of the peptide component of ribonuclease-S. (1961) (17)
Some Studies of Protein Crystals in a Variety of Different Media1 (1956) (17)
Differences in hydrogen exchange behavior between the oxidized and reduced forms of Escherichia coli thioredoxin (1992) (16)
A Practical Preparation of Ribonuclease-S and the Action of Subtilisin on Ribonuclease-B ‡ (1962) (16)
Dimerization by colicin E3 in the absence of immunity protein. (1983) (15)
Internal packing and protein structural classes. (1987) (15)
A general procedure for the preparation of α, β labeled amino acids (1982) (15)
The reaction of iodoacetate with ribonuclease-S. (1961) (14)
Comparison of straight chain and cyclic unnatural amino acids embedded in the core of staphylococcal nuclease (1997) (14)
Identification of regions of potential flexibility in protein structures: Folding units and correlations with intron positions (1988) (14)
An efficient method for the partial synthesis of mixed-chain phosphatidylethanolamines (1987) (14)
Folding kinetics of phage T4 thioredoxin. (1990) (13)
Use of the Occupancy Factor in the Refinement of Solvent Molecules in Protein Crystal Structures (1987) (12)
Effects of binding of S-peptide and 2'-cytidine monophosphate on hydrogen exchange from the S-protein component of ribonuclease S. The amide protons of serine 123 and valine 124. (1982) (12)
Whatever happened to the fun? An autobiographical investigation. (1997) (12)
Titration of amino groups released during the digestion of ribonuclease by subtilisin. (1955) (11)
Proteins: the hard sphere, structure and energetics (1990) (11)
Optical matching of physical models and electron density maps: early developments. (1985) (10)
Interactions in nonnative and truncated forms of staphylococcal nuclease as indicated by mutational free energy changes (1995) (10)
Behavior of colicins E1, E2, and E3 attached to sephadex beads. (1976) (9)
Partitioning the effects of changes in a protein to the folded or unfolded forms by using a thermodynamic cycle: a change in Escherichia coli thioredoxin does not affect the unfolded state. (1993) (8)
Optical techniques for signal distribution and control in phased array radars (1985) (8)
Comments on the modification of enzymes, with special reference to ribonuclease (1959) (7)
A guide to Finnish architecture (1966) (7)
Determination of the density of solids (2006) (6)
Application of Mohr-Westphal Balance to Rapid Calibration of Wide Range Density-Gradient Columns (1952) (6)
Reversible inhibition of glucose transport in human erythrocytes by a series of pyridine derivatives. (1976) (6)
Public access to X-ray diffraction data (1988) (5)
Protein folding mechanisms (2000) (5)
A Microbalance for the Determination of Protein Crystal Densities (1953) (5)
Crystal structure of alamethicin at 1.5 angstrom resolution (1988) (5)
Passive solar system for maintaining and rearing marine organisms (1987) (5)
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of colicin E3 immunity protein. (1984) (5)
The 1972 nobel prize for chemistry. (1972) (4)
Antigen binding molecules : antibodies and T-cell receptors (1996) (4)
John T. Edsall and Advances in Protein Chemistry. (2002) (4)
Prediction of the pH dependence of the separation of weak electrolytes by ion-exchange: amino acid chromatography with competitive buffer ion eluents. (1982) (4)
Stability of transmembrane regions in bacteriorhodopsin studied by progressive proteolysis (2005) (3)
On an active intermediate produced during the digestion of ribonuclease by subtilisin. (1955) (3)
Peptide-protein interactions in ribonuclease-S. (1960) (3)
Modern Protein Chemistry (2001) (3)
Synthesis of carriers of differing Stokes radius with activated acyl groups for use as reagents in labeling membrane proteins. (1981) (3)
Avidin-biotin technology. Reflections. (1990) (3)
An improved synthesis of α-13C glycine and heteronuclear NMR studies of its incorporation into thioredoxin (1992) (3)
Folding of the reduced form of the thioredoxin from bacteriophage T4. (1990) (3)
Analysis of Membranes Photolabeled with Lipid Analogues (2001) (2)
Comments on some present and future problems in protein structure. (1984) (2)
Measuring thiol-disulfide exchange equilibrium constants for single cysteine-containing proteins. (1995) (1)
What Makes a Good Benchmark? (1989) (1)
An assay for ribonuclease activity using a cyclic phosphate substrate. (1955) (1)
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies on colicin E3 immunity protein (1984) (1)
John Tileston Edsall: some selected biography and personal reminiscences. (2002) (1)
The labeling with 8-azido-cyclic adenosine monophosphate of proteins in vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticulum from rabbit skeletal muscle. (1981) (1)
The MSFC UNIVAC 1108 EXEC 8 simulation model (1972) (1)
The Use of Iodine Cyanide in the Determination of Iodide Ion. (1964) (1)
Cross-linking of elongation factor EF-G to the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. (1973) (1)
A Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Assignment and Secondary Structure Determination of Recombinant Human Thioredoxint (2001) (0)
Design, construction and analysis of new metal binding sites in proteins of known structure. (1993) (0)
Enzyme Specificity and Mechanisms (1973) (0)
Differential hydrolysis of immobilized phosphatidylcholines by phospholipases A2 and C. (1994) (0)
Thermodynamic consequences of changing a sulfur atom to a methylene group in the M13Nle mutation in Ribonuclease-S (1994) (0)
Crystallographic Citations: Response (1988) (0)
Protein 2D NMR analysis utilizing selective /sup 2/H and /sup 13/C enrichment (1986) (0)
A Methodology for Sizing an Operational System from Prototype Findings (1997) (0)
Chemical Probes for the Geometry of Membrane Proteins (1975) (0)
NASTRAN processing at Johnson Space Center (1979) (0)
Description and discussion of techniques (2006) (0)
Table 3.2.2.1 (2006) (0)
Suitable substances for columns (2006) (0)
Protein geometry as a function of time (2001) (0)
Antibacterial Agents: Chemistry and Functions of Colicins . Proceedings of a conference, Philadelphia, May 1972. Lowell P. Hager, Ed. Academic Press, New York, 1973. xiv, 138 pp., illus. $7.50. (1974) (0)
An Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Mixed-Chain Phosphatidylethanolamines (I). (1987) (0)
STAPHYLOCOCCAL NUCLEASE, V23C VARIANT, COMPLEX WITH 2-FLUOROETHANE THIOL AND 3',5'-THYMIDINE DIPHOSPHATE (1998) (0)
Protein conformation. Introduction. (1991) (0)
STAPHYLOCOCCAL NUCLEASE, V23C VARIANT (1997) (0)
Mobilitv and J function in proteins and nucleicacids (2013) (0)
STAPHYLOCOCCAL NUCLEASE, METHANE THIOL DISULFIDE TO V23C VARIANT (1997) (0)
Performance Engineering throughout the Software Life Cycle (2004) (0)
Figure 3.2.2.1 (2006) (0)
Response : Crystallographic Citations (1988) (0)
STAPHYLOCOCCAL NUCLEASE, CYCLOPENTANE THIOL DISULFIDE TO V23C VARIANT (1998) (0)
Synthesis of a Bipolar Phosphatidylethanolamine: A Model Compound for a Membrane-Spanning Probe. (1987) (0)
STAPHYLOCOCCAL NUCLEASE, B-MERCAPTOETHANOL DISULFIDE TO V23C VARIANT (1998) (0)
Are there common themes in the function, energy landscape, and dynamics of Proteins? (1999) (0)

This paper list is powered by the following services:

Other Resources About Frederic M. Richards

en.wikipedia.org

What Schools Are Affiliated With Frederic M. Richards?

Frederic M. Richards is affiliated with the following schools:

Frederic M. Richards's Academic­Influence.com Rankings

Why Is Frederic M. Richards Influential?

Frederic M. Richards's Published Works

Published Works

Other Resources About Frederic M. Richards

What Schools Are Affiliated With Frederic M. Richards?

Image Attributions

Frederic M. Richards's AcademicInfluence.com Rankings