Fred Lawrence Whipple

Why Is Fred Lawrence Whipple Influential?

According to Wikipedia, Fred Lawrence Whipple was an American astronomer, who worked at the Harvard College Observatory for more than 70 years. Amongst his achievements were asteroid and comet discoveries, the "dirty snowball" hypothesis of comets, and the invention of the Whipple shield.

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Fred Lawrence Whipple's Published Works

Number of citations in a given year to any of this author's works

Total number of citations to an author for the works they published in a given year. This highlights publication of the most important work(s) by the author

Published Papers

A comet model. I. The acceleration of Comet Encke (1950) (739)
A Comet Model. II. Physical Relations for Comets and Meteors. (1950) (447)
First Halley Multicolour Camera imaging results from Giotto (1986) (317)
The Poynting-Robertson effect on meteor orbits (1950) (315)
Meteorites and space travel. (1947) (216)
Comet P/Halley’s nucleus and its activity (1987) (151)
Chondrules: Suggestion Concerning the Origin (1966) (135)
On maintaining the meteoritic complex (1967) (116)
On certain aerodynamic processes for asteroids and comets (1972) (99)
Precision orbits of 413 photographic meteors (1961) (98)
A Comet Model. III. The Zodiacal Light. (1955) (95)
The Theory of Micro-Meteorites: Part I. In an Isothermal Atmosphere. (1950) (93)
Photographic meteor orbits and their distribution in space (1954) (92)
On meteoroids and penetration (1963) (87)
Rotation and outbursts of comet P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 (1980) (82)
Physical Processes in Comets (1976) (81)
Comet Encke - Precession of the spin axis, nongravitational motion, and sublimation (1979) (74)
Meteors and the Earth's Upper Atmosphere (1942) (69)
THE HISTORY OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. (1964) (63)
Cometary brightness variation and nucleus structure (1978) (61)
EVIDENCE FOR A COMET BELT BEYOND NEPTUNE. (1964) (60)
The Theory of Micro-Meteorites: Part II. In Heterothermal Atmospheres. (1951) (59)
The Dust Cloud about the Earth (1961) (57)
Solid particles in the solar system (1959) (51)
Radio Emission from Flare Stars (1963) (51)
Calculation of Erosion in Space from the Cosmic-Ray Exposure Ages of Meteorites (1959) (48)
The Meteoritic Risk to Space Vehicles (1958) (42)
Influence of a Comet Belt beyond Neptune on the Motions of Periodic Comets (1968) (42)
Structure of the Cometary Nucleus (1960) (40)
1983 TB and the Geminid Meteors (1983) (39)
Do comets play a role in galactic chemistry and gamma-ray bursts (1975) (38)
Reduction Methods for Photographic Meteor Trails (1957) (34)
The rotation of comet nuclei (1982) (33)
Photographic meteor studies I (1939) (32)
The cometary nucleus: current concepts (1987) (32)
The Mystery of Comets (1985) (32)
On the Physics and Splitting of Cometary Nuclei (1964) (30)
Photographic Meteor Studies. III. The Taurid Shower (1940) (28)
On the distribution of sernimajor axes among comet orbits (1962) (28)
The nature of comets. (1981) (27)
Comet Halley: Investigations, Results, Interpretations (1991) (27)
Sources of interplanetary dust (1976) (26)
Comets in the space age (1989) (26)
Rotation period of comet Donati (1978) (26)
The constitution of cometary nuclei (1977) (25)
Concentrations of the Interstellar Medium. (1946) (25)
Relative Velocity of Light and Radio Waves in Space (1964) (25)
The spin of comets (1980) (23)
Comet P/Holmes, 1892III: A case of duplicity? (1983) (23)
Accumulation of Chondrules on Asteroids (1971) (22)
Background of modern comet theory (1976) (22)
The Physical Theory of Meteors. II. Astroballistic Heat Transfer. (1951) (22)
a Suggestion as to the Origin of Chondrules (1966) (21)
The Poynting-Robertson effect on meteor orbits. (1949) (21)
Dust distribution in the inner coma of Comet Halley - Comparison with models (1989) (20)
The Harvard photographic meteor programme (1956) (20)
Papers on the solar constant (1958) (19)
The meteoritic environment of the Moon (1967) (19)
THE CASE FOR H2O CLOUDS ON VENUS (1954) (18)
The Origin of Comets (1972) (17)
On the Origin of the Taurid Meteor Streams (1952) (17)
A model for intensity profiles of dust jets near the nucleus of comet Halley (1988) (15)
A speculation about comets and the earth (1976) (14)
On meteor masses and densities. (1952) (14)
Man on the moon (1953) (14)
On the Origin of Interstellar Radio Disturbances. (1937) (14)
On the motions of 64 long-period comets (1953) (13)
Note on the structure of comet nuclei (1999) (13)
ON METEORS AND RAINFALL (1956) (13)
SYMPOSIUM: Comets: Problems of the cometary nucleus (1961) (12)
Ancient novae and meteor showers (1958) (12)
Radial pressure in the solar nebula as affecting the motions of planetesimals. [toroidal particle concentration in planetary evolution (1971) (12)
The Physical Theory of Meteors. VII. on Meteor Luminosity and Ionization. (1955) (12)
The reality of comet groups and pairs (1977) (11)
The width of meteor trails (1958) (11)
Meteor Stream-widths and Radiant Deviations (1954) (11)
Note on the number and origin of apollo asteroids (1973) (11)
Observation of a Solar Type Radio Burst from a Flare Star (1964) (11)
A three-dimensional model of the nucleus of Comet Halley (1986) (10)
A discussion on orbital analysis - Tracking by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (1967) (10)
High-altitude winds by meteor-train photography (1954) (9)
Detailed analysis of a surface feature on comet Halley (1986) (9)
Results of Rocket and Meteor Research (1952) (9)
Nucleus morphology of Comet Halley (1986) (9)
Brightness Changes in Periodic Comets. (1965) (9)
The activities of comets related to their aging and origin (1992) (9)
WINDS IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE BY METEOR-TRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY (1953) (8)
Dust-gas interaction deduced from Halley multicolor camera observations (1986) (8)
OORT-Cloud and Kuiper-Belt Comets (2000) (8)
On the nature and origin of comets and their contribution to planets (1978) (8)
Cometary nucleus and active regions (1984) (8)
The Sunward Tail of Comet Arend-Roland (1957) (8)
On the secular accelerations of PHOBOS and Jupiter V (1954) (8)
Photographic 6-Aquarid meteors (1954) (7)
Synthetic Spectra for Supernovae. (1940) (7)
The Comet Nucleus Tour (Contour); A NASA Discovery Mission (2000) (7)
Proposed stellar and interstellar survey (1960) (7)
Meteoritic Erosion in Space. (1962) (7)
An Upper Limit to the Electron Density Near the Earth's Orbit. (1949) (6)
Photographic a-Capricornid meteors (1955) (6)
Elements and ephemeris of Comet J 1927 (Schwassmann-Wachmann) (6)
EVIDENCE FOR WINDS IN THE OUTER ATMOSPHERE. (1954) (6)
The Giotto Halley Multicolour Camera (1986) (6)
Supernovae and Stellar Collisions. (1939) (6)
Survey of the Universe (1970) (6)
On the origin of the Taurid meteors. (1950) (6)
Comets - Nature, evolution and decay (1983) (6)
A Large Multiple-Mirror Telescope (MMT) Project (1972) (5)
Active Polar Region on the Nucleus of Comet Halley (1989) (5)
A review of cometary sciences (1987) (5)
Low-Energy Cosmic-Ray Events Associated with Solar Flares (1959) (5)
Comets, meteors and the interplanetary complex (1949) (5)
A Search for Encke's Comet in Ancient Chinese Records: A Progress Report (1972) (5)
Physics of Comets: (Second Edition) (1997) (5)
A new activity index for comets (1992) (4)
Images of the nucleus of Comet Halley. Volume 2: obtained by the Television System (TVS) on board the Vega spacecraft. (1995) (4)
The Dust Cloud Hypothesis (1948) (4)
The Orbit of a Small Earth Satellite (1958) (4)
The Baker super-Schmidt meteor cameras. (1951) (4)
On tests of the icy conglomerate model for comets. (1950) (4)
The Strange Case of Pallas (1972) (4)
Common Origin between the Quadrantids and the δ Aquarids Streams. (1963) (4)
THE ORBIT OF PLUTO (1930) (4)
On the Icy Conglomerate Model for Comets (1952) (4)
A research program based on the optical tracking of artificial earth satellites (1956) (4)
NOTES ON COMET J 1927 (1928) (3)
On the Amount of Dust in the Asteroid Belt (1971) (3)
Meteors as Probes of the Upper Atmosphere (1951) (3)
Earth, Moon, And Planets (1971) (3)
The optical tracking program for IGY satellites. (1956) (3)
NOTES ON COMETS, METEORS, AND PLANETARY EVOLUTION (1958) (3)
A Large Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) Project (1972) (3)
The Comet Nucleus Tour (Contour) (2002) (3)
New horizons in astronomy (1956) (3)
On the mass-luminosity relation for meteors. (1955) (3)
The collected contributions of Fred L. Whipple (1972) (3)
Density, Pressure, and Temperature Data Above 30 Kilometers (1954) (3)
Elements and ephemeris of the Lowell Observatory object (Pluto) second paper (2)
Optical and Visual Tracking of Artificial Satellites (1958) (2)
ASTEROIDAL AND COMETARY ORBITS (1935) (2)
Orbital data and preliminary analyses of satellites 1957 Alpha and 1957 Beta (1958) (2)
Comparison of active regions on the nucleus of Comet Halley (1987) (2)
Photographic orbits of sporadic meteors. (1946) (2)
A volatility index for comets (1992) (2)
The Early Stages of Nova Herculis II. The Bright Line Spectra. (1936) (2)
Observations by the Halley Multicolour Camera (1986) (2)
Preliminary elements and ephemeris of the Lowell Observatory object (2)
Present Status of the Icy Conglomerate Model (1985) (2)
On the Growth of the Earth-Moon System (1974) (2)
On the satellite geodesy program at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. (1967) (2)
On observing comets for nuclear rotation (1981) (2)
Upper Atmosphere Densities and Temperatures from Meteor Observations (1939) (2)
Radiometric observations of the nucleus of Comet Halley (1986) (2)
5.1 Sources of Interplanetary Dust (1976) (2)
Observations of Satellite I (1957) (2)
Comet Formation Induced by the Solar Wind (1976) (2)
The Forest and the Trees (1991) (2)
The scientific value of artificial satellites (1956) (2)
On the Bright Line Spectrum of Nova Herculis. (1936) (2)
Comets and the zodiacal light. (1951) (1)
EXPERIENCE IN PRECISION OPTICAL TRACKING OF SATELLITES FOR GEODESY (1961) (1)
The orbits of 308 meteors photographed with super-Schmidt cameras. (1957) (1)
Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983d) - An Intimate Study (Invited) ( 10 min. ) (1983) (1)
Comments on the Sunward Tail of Comet Arend-Roland (1957) (1)
Proceedings of the symposium on the astronomy and physics of meteors (1963) (1)
Optical Tracking of Artificial Earth Satellites: The Moonwatch program and the precision photographic program supply much of the raw orbit data. (1958) (1)
On the Brightness Variations and Surface Structures of Cometary Nuclei. (1977) (1)
Scientific need for a cometary mission (1979) (1)
Dust activity of Comet Halley's nucleus (1986) (1)
The Dust Cloud About the Earth (1961) (1)
The orbits of meteors photographed at two stations. (1948) (1)
Physical Study of Comets Minor Planets and Meteorites (1977) (1)
THE INCENTIVE OF A BOLD HYPOTHESIS: HYPERBOLIC METEORS AND COMETS (1972) (1)
Performance evaluation of the Celescope experiment (1971) (1)
Prismatic Deviation as a Function of Cosmical Orientation. (1936) (1)
46. Origins of meteoritic material (1968) (1)
Black heart of Comet Halley (1987) (1)
Seasonal Variations in the Density of the Upper Atmosphere (1949) (1)
Accretion of matter by a satellite (1954) (1)
Photographic i-Aquaridd meteors and evidence for the northern delta Aquarids (1957) (1)
On the aging of comets (1988) (1)
Precession of the Pole of the Comet Encke Nucleus: Progress Report. (1978) (1)
The dilemma of the new-comet flux (1994) (1)
72. Some problems of meteor astronomy: Introductory Lecture (1957) (1)
COMETS: DATA, PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVES (1974) (1)
Introduction by the director of the Smithsonian Observatory (1959) (1)
Possible explanations of the secular acceleration of PHOBOS and Jupiter V. (1951) (1)
15. Physical Study of Comets (1970) (1)
Application of the Theory of Continuous Ejection to Nova Herculis. (1936) (1)
The photographic Perseid meteors. (1953) (1)
A spectrophotometric study of the Cepheid variables [eta] Aquilae and [ delta] Cephei (1931) (1)
Photographic study of the Geminid meteor shower (1939) (1)
Discovering the Nature of Comets. (1986) (1)
Film molding for the Baker super-Schmidt meteor cameras. (1951) (0)
The Harvard radio-meteor program. (1956) (0)
Elements and ephemeris of Comet D 1929 (Wilk) (0)
Second Edition PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY (2005) (0)
The consequences of wasting by sublimation on comet nuclei. (1981) (0)
Earth, Moon and Planets@@@Between the Planets@@@The Harvard Books on Astronomy Series (1947) (0)
A Photographic Study of the Perseid Meteor Shower* (Abstract) (1947) (0)
Origin of the Solar System (1979) (0)
A plan for operating an astronomical telescope in an earth satellite. (1959) (0)
The Dusty universe : proceedings of a symposium honoring Fred Lawrence Whipple on his retirement as director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, October 17-19, 1973 (1975) (0)
Double or multiple cometary nuclei (1982) (0)
13. THE OTHER GIANT SYSTEMS - SATURN, URANUS, AND NEPTUNE (1981) (0)
Comets: Observations and Theory, 1978 (invited). (1978) (0)
7. THE MOON'S INFLUENCE ON THE EARTH (1981) (0)
COMET D 1929 (WILK) (1930) (0)
Origin and Evolution of Interplanetary Objects (1983) (0)
The theory of micrometeorites (abstract) (1949) (0)
To Veritas (1808) (0)
4. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (1981) (0)
Definite orbit of Apollo (1932 HA) (1936) (0)
Accession 04-183 Fred Lawrence Whipple Papers, circa 1932-2004 (1932) (0)
12. GREAT JUPITER AND HIS SATELLITES (1981) (0)
Stellar Evolution: An Exploration from the Observatory . Otto Struve. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1950. 266 pp. $4.00. (1950) (0)
The Physics of Cometary Nuclei (1997) (0)
National Geodetic Satellite Program, Part II: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (1977) (0)
Photographic study of the Taurid meteor shower (1939) (0)
Geodesy and space: Introduction (2013) (0)
Record Unit 7431 Fred Lawrence Whipple Papers, circa 1927-1983 (0)
The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (1955) (0)
Comets: Data, problems and objectives. [origin in the solar system (1974) (0)
Photographic meteor results for the month of October. (1948) (0)
On the colors of external galaxies (1936) (0)
Final scientific report : February 1, 1963-December 31, 1965 (1966) (0)
Meteors and the Upper Atmosphere (1948) (0)
5. THE EARTH (1981) (0)
The rotation of "new" and "young" comet nuclei. (1980) (0)
The status of cometary science (1976) (0)
Observations of Comet B 1929 (Neujmin) and of minor planets (0)
2. HOW THE SYSTEM HOLDS TOGETHER (1981) (0)
Meteor Problems and Photographs of the Perseids (1965) (0)
MONOCHROMATIC TRANSMISSION OF THE 36-INCH LICK REFRACTOR (1935) (0)
Remarks on Comets, Meteors and Planetary Evolution (1964) (0)
Accumulation of Chondrules on Asteroids (Abstract) (1971) (0)
THE EARTH AS PART OF THE UNIVERSE (1978) (0)
The polar axis adjustment of photographic telescopes (1949) (0)
Book Review: Mystery of Comets (1985) (0)
THE STUDY OF METEOR PHENOMENA, UPPER ATMOSPHERE WINDS AND TURBULENCE AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERES. (1964) (0)
OPTICAL SATELLITE TRACKING PROGRAM (1962) (0)
Record Unit 9520 Fred Lawrence Whipple Interviews, 1976 (1976) (0)
Astroballistic heat transfer. (1951) (0)
Implications for models and origin of the nucleus. (1975) (0)
Comets - Seeing One is like Seeing all (1980) (0)
A Radio Telescope and the Heiligenschein (1969) (0)
Some Current Trends of Thought concerning Cosmic Evolution: Summary of Communication: Presented before the Academy November 12th, 1947 (1948) (0)
1. INTRODUCING THE PLANETS (1981) (0)
3. THE DISCOVERIES OF NEPTUNE AND PLUTO (1981) (0)
ESSAYS ON SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: Of Comets and Meteors. (2000) (0)
NOTES ON COMET K 1927 (0)
Review of Publications: Earth, Moon and Planets (third edition) (1969) (0)
The forest and the trees. [comments on comet nuclei, cometary origin, and correlations among cometary data] (1991) (0)
6. THE EARTH AS AN ABODE FOR LIFE (1981) (0)
The Harvard Conference on Cepheid Variables (1938) (0)
The igy optical satellite tracking program as a source of geodetic information (1958) (0)
Zemlia, Luna i planety. (1967) (0)
Conference summary: Comets (1996) (0)
Photometry of Orion (1936) (0)
23. The Origin and Nature of Comets (1979) (0)
METEORS (1955) (0)
Ice and Comets (1984) (0)
Note on the Design of a Prism Spectrograph (1935) (0)
THE STARS OF HIGH LUMINOSITY: A REVIEW (1931) (0)
The study of the physics of cometary nuclei (1975) (0)
Photometric Applications of Wood Replica Gratings (1938) (0)
9. THE NATURE OF THE MOON (1981) (0)
IV. Joint Discussion on Astronomical Observations with Artificial Satellites, Rockets and Balloons (1960) (0)
Summary of Workshop on Modern Observational Techniques for Comets (1981) (0)
Periodic Heat Transfer by Radiation through Layers in a Vacuum (1949) (0)
Elements and ephemeris of Comet K 1927 (Skjellerup) (0)
8. OBSERVING THE MOON (1981) (0)
Early stages of Nova Herculis (1936) (0)
Proceedings of the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (0)
14. COMPARISONS AMONG PLANETS AND SATELLITES (1981) (0)
Fundamental Problems in Predicting Positions of Artificial Satellites (1959) (0)
Comets and asteroids (1933) (0)
Observations of comets and of minor planets (0)
NOTE ON COMET 192Α (REINMUTH) (1928) (0)
Halley's Spin Period is 10H19M (1980) (0)
Present status of the icy conglomerate model. [of comet nuclei (1985) (0)
15. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (1981) (0)
Mount Hopkins and the MMT. (1979) (0)
Small Bodies in the Solar System (1972) (0)
Supernova 1989M in NGC 4579 (1989) (0)
Line profiles in the spectrum of Nova Herculis (1937) (0)
The Nucleus: Panel Discussion (1976) (0)
Notes on the P/Halley nucleus (1981) (0)
THE NATURE OF DUST PARTICLES (1997) (0)
Sources of Interplanetary Dust Invited Paper (1976) (0)
Of Comets and Meteors (2000) (0)
The Comets of 1937 (1937) (0)
Great Achievements in Space Exploration (1982) (0)
Accession 05-044 Fred Lawrence Whipple Papers, 1948-2000 (1948) (0)
6.5 Final Remarks (1976) (0)
10. PLUTO, MERCURY, AND VENUS (1981) (0)
Report on the precision optical tracking program for artificial earth-satellites. (1959) (0)
Commission 6: Astronomical Telegrams† (2005) (0)
Accession 05-146 Fred Lawrence Whipple Papers, 2004 (2004) (0)
Note on Milne's Method of Maxima (1932) (0)
The Cometary Nucleus - Current Concepts (invited) (1986) (0)
Studies in interplanetary particles (1967) (0)

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