Gerhard L. Closs
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German-American chemist
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Chemistry
Gerhard L. Closs's Degrees
- PhD Chemistry University of Göttingen
- Bachelors Chemistry University of Göttingen
Why Is Gerhard L. Closs Influential?
(Suggest an Edit or Addition)According to Wikipedia, Gerhard Ludwig Closs was an American chemist specializing in physical organic chemistry, member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, chairman of the chemistry department at the University of Chicago. Closs made seminal contributions in research of the magnetic properties of the intermediate compounds formed in chemical reactions. He is also credited with the discovery that certain reactions polarize atomic nuclei. The National Academies Press called him "one of the outstanding chemists of the post-World War II era". He was also an early leader in the field of carbene chemistry. The New York Times called him "pioneering chemist".
Gerhard L. Closs's Published Works
Number of citations in a given year to any of this author's works
Total number of citations to an author for the works they published in a given year. This highlights publication of the most important work(s) by the author
Published Works
- Intramolecular Long-Distance Electron Transfer in Organic Molecules (1988) (848)
- Intramolecular long-distance electron transfer in radical anions. The effects of free energy and solvent on the reaction rates (1984) (561)
- Distance, stereoelectronic effects, and the Marcus inverted region in intramolecular electron transfer in organic radical anions (1986) (392)
- Spin-polarized electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of radical pairs in micelles: observation of electron spin-spin interactions (1987) (339)
- Mechanism explaining nuclear spin polarizations in radical combination reactions (1969) (293)
- Carbenoid Formation of Arylcyclopropanes from Olefins, Benzal Bromides, and Organolithium Compounds and from Photolysis of Aryldiazomethanes (1964) (234)
- A connection between intramolecular long-range electron, hole, and triplet energy transfers (1989) (216)
- Determination of long distance intramolecular triplet energy transfer rates. A quantitative comparison with electron transfer (1988) (177)
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra and Molecular Association of Chlorophylls a and b, Methyl Chlorophyllides, Pheophytins, and Methyl Pheophorbides (1963) (154)
- Fast intramolecular electron transfer in radical ions over long distances across rigid saturated hydrocarbon spacers (1983) (150)
- Negative Ions of Porphin Metal Complexes (1963) (128)
- A covalently bound dimeric derivative of pyrochlorophyllide a. A Possible model for reaction center chlorophyll (1976) (128)
- The Base-Induced Pyrolysis of Tosylhydrazones of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones. A Convenient Synthesis of Some Alkylcyclopropenes (1963) (118)
- Distance dependence of intramolecular hole and electron transfer in organic radical ions (1989) (113)
- Stereoelectronic effects in intramolecular long-distance electron transfer in radical anions as predicted by ab-initio MO calculations (1986) (108)
- Induced dynamic nuclear spin polarization in reactions of photochemically and thermally generated triplet diphenylmethylene (1969) (103)
- Infrared Spectra, Molecular Weights, and Molecular Association of Chlorophylls a and b, Methyl Chlorophyllides, and Pheophytins in Various Solvents (1963) (99)
- Steady-state and time-resolved direct detection EPR spectra of fullerene triplets in liquid solution and glassy matrixes: evidence for a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in triplet C60 (1992) (94)
- Theory of chemically induced nuclear spin polarization. III. Effect of isotropic g shifts in the components of radical pairs with one hyperfine interaction (1970) (93)
- Kinetic studies on diarylcarbenes (1976) (92)
- Electron spin resonance and CIDNP studies on 1,3-cyclopentadiyls. A localized 1,3 carbon biradical system with a triplet ground state. Tunneling in carbon-carbon bond formation (1979) (84)
- Temperature-independent long-range electron transfer reactions in the Marcus inverted region (1990) (81)
- Effect of magnesium coordination on the carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 magnetic resonance spectra of chlorophyll a. Relative energies of nitrogen n.pi.* states as deduced from a complete assignment of chemical shifts (1974) (79)
- The Halogenation of Diazomethane. Study of the Reactivities of Carbenes Derived from Halodiazomethanes1-3 (1965) (78)
- Carbenes from Alkyl Halides and Organolithium Compounds. I. Synthesis of Chlorocyclopropanes1 (1960) (77)
- A Simple Synthesis of Cyclopropene1 (1966) (76)
- Determination of the average singlet-triplet splitting in biradicals by measurement of the magnetic field dependence of CIDNP [chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization] (1973) (73)
- Spin and Reaction Dynamics in Flexible Polymethylene Biradicals As Studied by EPR, NMR, and Optical Spectroscopy and Magnetic Field Effects. Measurements and Mechanisms of Scalar Electron Spin-Spin Coupling (1992) (71)
- Spin and Reaction Dynamics in Flexible Polymethylene Biradicals As Studied by EPR, NMR, and Optical Spectroscopy and Magnetic Field Effects. Measurements and Mechanisms of Scalar Electron Spin-Spin Coupling (1992) (71)
- Chemically induced nuclear spin polarization as a tool for determination of spin multiplicities of radical-pair precursors (1969) (69)
- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra of the Ground‐State Triplet Diphenylmethylene and Fluorenylidene Molecules in Single Crystals (1965) (66)
- Photochemical conversion of 3H-pyrazoles to cyclopropenes and 1,2-diazabicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-enes (1968) (64)
- Investigation of through-bond coupling dependence on spacer structure (1996) (63)
- Laser flash photolysis with NMR detection. Microsecond time-resolved CIDNP: separation of geminate and random-phase processes (1979) (63)
- Paramagnetic Resonance in Oriented Ground‐State Triplet Molecules (1962) (62)
- Application of the radical-pair theory of chemically induced dynamic nuclear spin polarization (CIDNP) aldehydes and ketones (1970) (62)
- Theory of chemically induced nuclear spin polarization. V. Comparison of coupling reactions in singlet and triplet derived radical pairs and of radicals not generated in pairs (1970) (60)
- Determination of Conformational Preference in Arylcyclopropanes by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance1 (1965) (55)
- Magnetic characterization of the primary state of bacterial photosynthesis. (1982) (55)
- The steric course of the thermal rearrangements of methylbicyclobutanes (1968) (52)
- Carbenes from Alkyl Halides and Organolithium Compounds. V. Formation of Alkylcyclopropenes by Ring Closure of Alkenyl Substituted Carbenoid Intermediates (1963) (52)
- Stereochemistry and Reactivities of Carbenoids from Benzal Chloride. Salt Effects in Carbenoid Reactions1,2 (1966) (51)
- AN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDY OF MATRIX ISOLATED 1,3-CYCLOPENTADIYL, A LOCALIZED 1,3-CARBON BIRADICAL (1975) (50)
- Measurements of degenerate radical ion-neutral molecule electron exchange by microsecond time-resolved CIDNP. Determination of relative hyperfine coupling constants of radical cations of chlorophylls and derivatives (1981) (49)
- Time-resolved CIDNP: applications to radical and biradical chemistry (1985) (48)
- Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (1974) (48)
- Photoreduction and photodecarboxylation of pyruvic acid. Applications of CIDNP to mechanistic photochemistry (1978) (47)
- LONG‐DISTANCE FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING BY ELECTRON TRANSFER IN RIGID SOLUTIONS (1983) (46)
- SYNTHESES OF CHLOROCYCLOPROPANES FROM METHYLENE CHLORIDE AND OLEFINS (1959) (45)
- Steric Course of Some Carbenoid Additions to Olefins (1962) (43)
- Laser flash photolysis with NMR detection. Submicrosecond time-resolved CIDNP: kinetics of triplet states and biradicals (1981) (42)
- Electron spin resonance study of matrix isolated 1,3-cyclopentadiyl, a localized 1,3-carbon biradical (1975) (42)
- Carbon Orbital Hybridizations and Acidity of the Bicyclobutane System (1963) (42)
- Observation of Medium Chain Length Polymethylene Biradicals in Liquid Solutions by Time Resolved EPR Spectroscopy (1987) (41)
- Yttrium-89 NMR spectra of organoyttrium complexes (1985) (41)
- Free energy and structure dependence of intramolecular triplet energy transfer in organic model compounds (1991) (41)
- EPR spectroscopy of electron spin-polarized biradicals in liquid solutions: technique, spectral simulation, scope, and limitations (1991) (40)
- Application of Fourier transform‐NMR spectroscopy to submicrosecond time‐resolved detection in laser flash photolysis experiments (1981) (40)
- Induced dynamic nuclear spin polarization in photoreductions of benzophenone by toluene and ethylbenzene (1969) (40)
- AMENDMENT OF THE CIDNP PHASE RULES. RADICAL PAIRS LEADING TO TRIPLET STATES (1977) (40)
- Long-distance electron transfer through rodlike molecules with cubyl spacers (1993) (40)
- Observation of a CIDNP pumped nuclear overhauser effect: a caveat for the interpretation of CIDNP spectra (1977) (40)
- Correlating temperature dependence to free-energy dependence of intramolecular long-range electron transfers (1989) (39)
- Chemically induced dynamic nuclear spin polarization derived from biradicals generated by photochemical cleavage of cyclic ketones, and the observation of a solvent effect on signal intensities (1972) (39)
- Mechanisms of formation and decomposition of benzocyclopropanes. Electron spin resonance spectral and chemical evidence for triplet state diradical intermediates (1967) (39)
- Rearrangements, pyrolysis, and photolysis of trimethylcyclopropenyl azide (1972) (38)
- A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOPROPENES (1961) (38)
- Theory of chemically induced nuclear spin polarization. IV. Spectra of radical coupling products derived from photoexcited ketones and aldehydes (1970) (38)
- Carbenoid decomposition of aryldiazomethanes with lithium and zinc halides. Synthesis of arylcyclopropanes (1969) (37)
- Chemically induced magnetic polarization (1973) (37)
- Photoisomerization of Pyrazolenines and Formation of 7,7-Dimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptene-Δ-1,6 (1963) (32)
- Torsional Low-Frequency Reorganization Energy of Biphenyl Anion in Electron Transfer Reactions (1995) (32)
- Optical Absorption Spectra of Substituted Methylenes Oriented in Single Crystals (1966) (30)
- Carbenes from Alkyl Halides and Organolithium Compounds. IV.1 Formation of Alkylcarbenes from Methylene Chloride and Alkyllithium Compounds2 (1962) (28)
- Cyclization and disproportionation kinetics of triplet generated, medium chain length, localized biradicals measured by time-resolved CIDNP (1985) (27)
- Direct Measurements of Rate Differences Among Nuclear Spin Sublevels in Reactions of Biradicals. (1985) (26)
- Chlorophyll-chlorophyll interactions. Ring V keto carbonyl donor properties from carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (1972) (26)
- A New Synthesis of Aziridines1 (1960) (26)
- ALKENYLCARBENES AS PRECURSORS OF CYCLOPROPENES (1961) (26)
- On the overhauser mechanism of chemically induced nuclear polarization as suggested by Adrian (1975) (25)
- Conformation-dependent intramolecular electronic energy transfer in a molecular beam (1991) (25)
- Notes- Ring-Expansion of Pyrrole and Indole (1961) (25)
- Origin of nuclear spin polarization in triplet dimerizations (1971) (24)
- Long-distance fluorescence quenching by electron transfer in rigid solutions. [Visible radiation] (1982) (24)
- The Preparation, Pyrolysis and Photolysis of Chlorodiazomethane (1962) (24)
- Carbenes from Alkyl Halides and Organolithium Compounds. II.1 The Reactivity of Chlorocarbene in its Addition to Olefins (1960) (21)
- Carbenes from Alkyl Halides and Organolithium Compounds. III.1 Syntheses of Alkyltropones from Phenols2 (1961) (20)
- Syntheses, NMR spectra and CH acidities of hydrocarbons in the tricyclo[2.1.1.05,6]hexane and tricyclo[1.1.1.04,5]pentane series. (1965) (20)
- Catalysis of autoxidation by metalloporphyrins (1974) (20)
- Temperature dependence of the exchange coupling in polymethylene chain biradicals: conclusions regarding the mechanism of the coupling (1993) (19)
- Effect of nuclear spin relaxation on intensity pattern of multiplet spectra in chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (1972) (18)
- Polarization transfer in CIDNP experiments via scalar paramagnetic exchange mechanisms (1978) (17)
- Formation of Cyclopropanes in Acid-Catalyzed Decomposition of Phenyldiazomethane in Olefins1 (1966) (16)
- The mechanism of the Stevens rearrangement (1975) (16)
- A Cyclopropenylcarbene-Cyclobutadiene Rearrangement1 (1966) (16)
- Intramolecular electron transfer in a molecular beam (1992) (15)
- Photoprocesses in covalently linked pyrochlorophyllide dimer: Triplet state formation and opening and closing of hydroxylic linkages. (1978) (14)
- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE OF PHOTOEXCITED TRIPLET STATES PART 1, THE MEASUREMENT OF THE RATE OF DEGENERATE SINGLET-TRIPLET EXCHANGE FOR ANTHRACENE IN SOLUTION (1975) (14)
- Electronic energy transfer: density of states (1993) (14)
- Characterization of matrix-isolated cyclopropen-3-yl by EPR spectroscopy. (1986) (14)
- Endor frequencies of randomly oriented triplets by electron spin echo spectroscopy (1981) (14)
- CHEMICALLY INDUCED DYNAMIC NUCLEAR POLARIZATION, A TOOL IN RADICAL CHEMISTRY (1971) (14)
- Preparation of Pyrazolenines and their Photolysis to Cyclopropenes (1963) (13)
- Electron spin resonance identification of diradicals generated by addition of triplet ground state molecules to olefins (1969) (12)
- Stereospecific Formation of Cyclopropanes by Reaction of Diphenyldibromomethane with Methyllithium and Olefins (1962) (12)
- Mediated Electronic Energy Transfer: Effect of a Second Acceptor State (1994) (11)
- Bromination of 2-pyrazolines and 3,4,5-trimethylpyrazole (1966) (10)
- Structure and dynamics of the trimethylcyclopropenyl radical as determined by electron and nuclear magnetic resonance (1982) (9)
- Pulse Radiolysis Measurements of Intramolecular Electron Transfer with Comparisons to Laser Photoexcitation (1998) (9)
- Hydrogen Exchange at Methine and C-10 Positions in Chlorophyll (1963) (8)
- The mechanism of the Stevens rearrangement: a quantitative CIDNP study (1975) (8)
- Photophysical properties of zinc and magnesium tris(pyrochlorophyllide a) 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane triesters. (1980) (7)
- Spin and Reaction Dynamics in Flexible Polymethylene Biradicals as Studied by EPR, NMR, and Optical Spectroscopy and Magnetic Field Effects. Measurements and Mechanisms of Scalar Electron Spin‐Spin Coupling. (1992) (7)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance of photoexcited triplet states. I. Measurement of the rate of degenerate singlet-triplet exchange for anthracene in solution (1975) (7)
- Phenylcarbene from benzylchloride and N-butyllithium (1960) (7)
- Addition of chlorocarbene to benzene (1960) (7)
- Acid-induced reaction of aryldiazomethanes with olefins. Mechanism of reaction (1974) (6)
- Free energy and entropy changes in vertical and nonvertical triplet energy transfer processes between rigid and nonrigid molecules. A laser photolysis study (1993) (6)
- Triplet spin dynamics of bacteriochlorophyll-a from transient EPR lineshape analysis (1985) (4)
- THE EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM COORDINATION ON THE (13)C AND (15)N MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA OF CHLOROPHYLL A, THE RELATIVE ENERGIES OF NITROGEN N PI(*) STATES AS DEDUCED FROM A COMPLETE ASSIGNMENT OF CHEMICAL SHIFTS (1975) (4)
- Phenylcarbene from 3,5-diphenyl-1-pyrazoline (1975) (4)
- Nitrophenylcarbenes. Part III. Kinetics of the decomposition of 4-nitrobenzyl chloride and dimethyl-4-nitrobenzylsulphonium ion in sodium hydroxide. A reinvestigation (1972) (4)
- Low-Field Effects and CIDNP of Biradical Reactions (1977) (4)
- Nitrophenylcarbenes. Part II. The generation and reactions of 4-nitrophenylcarbene. Nature of the reactions of 4-nitrobenzyl derivatives with sodium hydroxide (1972) (3)
- Stereoelectronic Effects in Intramolecular Long-Distance Electron Transfer in Radical Anions as Predicted by ab initio MO Calculations (1986) (3)
- EPR Study of Polymethylene Biradicals (1990) (2)
- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the primary state, P, of bacterial photosynthesis. (1981) (2)
- Generation of trialkylcyclopropenyl radicals by pulse radiolysis and radical-ion complex formation (1982) (1)
- Characterization of Matrix-Isolated Cyclopropen-3-yl by EPR Spectroscopy (1986) (0)
- Temperature Dependence of the Exchange Coupling in Polymethylene Chain Biradicals. Conclusions Regarding the Mechanism of the Coupling. (1993) (0)
- Observations on psychoneurophysiologically significant mushrooms (1959) (0)
- THE ACID-INDUCED REACTION OF ARYLDIAZOMETHANES WITH OLEFINS, MECHANISM OF REACTION (1974) (0)
- LASER FLASH PHOTOLYSIS WITH NMR DETECTION. SUBMICROSECOND TIME-RESOLVED CIDNP: INETICS OF TRIPLET STATES AND BIRADICALS (1981) (0)
- Pharmacological and toxicological compounds as protective or therapeutic agents against radiation injury in experimental animals. III. Acid-catalyzed reactions of azirdines with thiourea and its derivatives. (1960) (0)
- Observation of Medium Chain Length Polymethylene Biradicals in Liquid Solutions by Time Resolved EPR Spectroscopy. (1988) (0)
- Pharmacological and toxicological compounds as protective or therapeutic agents against radiation lethality in experimental animals. II. Acidcatalyzed reactions of aziridines with thiourea and its derivatives. (1960) (0)
- Polarized EPR Spectra of Unstable Biradicals (1988) (0)
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