Kathleen Lonsdale
Irish crystallographer
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Chemistry
Why Is Kathleen Lonsdale Influential?
(Suggest an Edit or Addition)According to Wikipedia, Dame Kathleen Lonsdale was an Irish crystallographer, pacifist, and prison reform activist. She proved, in 1929, that the benzene ring is flat by using X-ray diffraction methods to elucidate the structure of hexamethylbenzene. She was the first to use Fourier spectral methods while solving the structure of hexachlorobenzene in 1931. During her career she attained several firsts for female scientists, including being one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1945 , first female professor at University College London, first woman president of the International Union of Crystallography, and first woman president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Kathleen Lonsdale's Published Works
Published Works
- International tables for X-ray crystallography (1962) (14073)
- X-Ray Diffraction (1971) (2354)
- Epitaxy as a Growth Factor in Urinary Calculi and Gallstones (1968) (202)
- Human Stones (1968) (117)
- Magnetic Anisotropy and Electronic Structure of Aromatic Molecules (1937) (114)
- Divergent-beam X-ray photography of crystals (1947) (112)
- The structure of ice (1958) (99)
- Vibration amplitudes of atoms in cubic crystals (1948) (75)
- The low‐temperature form of C18H38 (1948) (74)
- X-Ray Crystallographic Technology (1952) (74)
- Diamagnetic Anisotropy of Crystals in Relation to Their Molecular Structure (1936) (68)
- Diamagnetic anisotropy of organic molecules (1939) (68)
- Studies of the structure, thermal expansion and molecular vibrations of di-p-xylylene, C16H16, at 93 and 291 °K (1960) (66)
- X-ray study of crystal dynamics: An historical and critical survey of experiment and theory (1942) (51)
- The Structure of the Benzene Ring (1928) (48)
- The Structure of the Benzene Ring in C 6 (CH 3 ) 6 (1929) (44)
- Uric Acid Dihydrate in Bird Urine (1971) (44)
- An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method (1931) (38)
- Crystals and X-Rays (1950) (37)
- X-Ray Studies of Synthetic Diamonds (1959) (36)
- An experimental study of diffuse X-ray reflexion by single crystals (1941) (36)
- The crystal structure (at five temperatures) and anisotropic thermal expansion of anthraquinone (1966) (35)
- X-ray crystal photography at low temperatures (1941) (31)
- Formation of lonsdaleite from single-crystal graphite (1971) (30)
- Diamagnetic and paramagnetic anisotropy of crystals (1937) (30)
- Diffuse X-Ray Diffraction from the Two Types of Diamond (1941) (28)
- Structural studies of hexa- and decamethonium bromides (CH3)3N(CH2)nN(CH3)3.2Br.2H2O in relation to their pharmacological action (1965) (27)
- Experimental study of x-ray scattering in relation to crystal dynamics (1942) (27)
- Structure of 1.2-Diphenylbenzene (C$_{18}$H$_{14}$) (1937) (25)
- Structure and molecular anisotropy of sorbic acid, CH3 . CH : CH . CH : CH . COOH (1941) (24)
- Physical and chemical tables (1962) (24)
- Extra reflexions from the two types of diamond (1942) (21)
- Newberyite in Ancient and Modern Urinary Calculi: Identification and Space Group (1966) (21)
- X-ray evidence on the structure of the benzene nucleus (19)
- 73. Diamagnetic anisotropy of conjugated compounds (1938) (19)
- The Crystalline Structure of Ice (1948) (19)
- Geiger-counter measurements of Bragg and diffuse scattering of X-rays by single crystals (1948) (19)
- Diamagnetic Susceptibility and Anisotropy of Ice (1949) (17)
- Diamonds, Natural and Artificial (1944) (17)
- Absolute Configuration of Optically Active Molecules (1950) (16)
- Diffuse Reflection of X-Rays by Single Crystals (1940) (16)
- X-Ray Study of Laboratory-made Diamonds (1958) (16)
- Errata in Lonsdale's Structure Factor Tables (1950) (15)
- Structure of Benzil (1939) (13)
- The Structure of Symm. (1-3-5) Triphenylbenzene. Part I (1934) (13)
- Molecular anisotropy of urea, CO(NH2)2, and of related compounds (1941) (13)
- X-ray studies of a single crystal chemical reaction: photo-oxide of anthracene to (anthraquinone, anthrone) (1966) (13)
- Laboratory Synthesis of Diamond (1943) (13)
- 74. The crystal structure of trans-trans-methyl fumarate and trans-trans-methyl muconate (1942) (12)
- Extinction in X-Ray Crystallography (1947) (11)
- X-Ray Study of the Elastic Constants of Metals (1942) (11)
- Further Comments on Attempts by H. Moissan, J. B. Hannay and Sir Charles Parsons to Make Diamonds in the Laboratory (1962) (11)
- Analysis of thermal vibrations in crystals: a warning (1961) (10)
- Women in Science: Reminiscences and Reflections. (1970) (10)
- Magnetic Anisotropy of Resorcinol (1936) (10)
- Anomalous X-Ray Reflections on Laue Photographs (1940) (10)
- Experimental studies of atomic vibrations in crystals and of their relationship to thermal expansion (1959) (10)
- Divergent-Beam X-Ray Photography (1944) (9)
- Diffuse Reflections on Laue Photographs (1940) (9)
- Diffuse Reflections from Diamond (1941) (9)
- The training of modern crystallographers (1953) (8)
- X-Ray Diffuse Reflexions from Sodium and Lithium in Relation to Elastic Anisotropy (1941) (8)
- A new kind of twinning (1966) (8)
- LXII. Crystal structure of cyclohexane at -180° C (1939) (8)
- The Structure of Melamine, CFormulaNFormulaHFormula (1940) (7)
- Correlation of Structure and Blockage Activity for the n-Methonium Compounds (1965) (7)
- Statistical Structure of Ice and of Ammonium Fluoride (1946) (7)
- Crystal Photography with Divergent X-Rays (1943) (7)
- Temperature Variation of Diffuse Scattering of X-Rays by Crystals (1942) (7)
- Anisotropic temperature vibrations in crystals. I. Direct measurements of Debye factors for urea (1956) (7)
- Diamagnctic Anisotropy of Cyanuric Trichloride, C3N3Cl3 (1936) (6)
- Diamagnetic anisotropy of symm. C6H3Br3, C6H3Cl3 and of B–B3N3H3Cl3 (1959) (6)
- Simplified structure factor and electron density formulae for the 230 space groups of mathematical crystallography (1936) (6)
- Remarks on Diamond Crystal Counters (1948) (6)
- Mercury: a high-speed digital computer (1956) (5)
- Crystallography and calculi. (1966) (5)
- Crystal Structure of 1-3-5 Triphenylbenzene (1934) (5)
- Thermal Vibrations of Atoms and Molecules in Crystals (1958) (5)
- The construction and operation of the manchester university computer (1953) (5)
- Temperature Study of the Diffuse X-Ray Diffraction by Diamonds (1941) (5)
- The thermal vibrations in diketopiperazine (1961) (5)
- Intermolecular Distances and Diamagnetic Anisotropy in Crystals as Measures of the Polarity of Benzene and Borazole Substituents (1959) (5)
- Crystal Dynamics of Rocksalt (1942) (5)
- X-Ray Divergent-Beam Photography as a Test of Crystal Perfection (1944) (5)
- Magnetic Anisotropy of Diphenyldiacetylene (1940) (4)
- Anisotropic Temperature Factors in Cubic Crystals (1956) (4)
- The Shape of Reflections on X-ray, Single-Crystal Photographs (1945) (4)
- Diffuse Reflection of X-Rays by Anisotropic and Isotropic Solids (1942) (4)
- Are there Four Possible Diamond Structures? (1945) (4)
- Extra X-Ray Reflexions from Diamonds (1945) (4)
- Temperature Study of X-Ray Diffraction by Diamond (1941) (4)
- The Structure of the Benzene Ring in CFormula (CHFormula)Formula (1929) (4)
- Scientists and the People (1958) (3)
- Indexing of Laue photographs of cubic crystals (1948) (3)
- Neutron Diffraction by Crystals (1949) (3)
- LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP NOTE: Observation of High Order Layer Lines on Rotating-Crystal Photographs (1947) (3)
- An X-Ray Study of Rigid-Body and Internal Vibrations of Organic Molecules (1959) (3)
- Diffuse X-Ray Reflexions from Crystals (1962) (3)
- Methods of testing for independent vibrations of atoms in a molecule, illustrated by anthraquinone (1966) (3)
- General spot-size correction for inclined incident beam: Weissenberg method (1964) (3)
- A secondary diffraction effect on laue photographs of diamond (1941) (3)
- Determination of Absolute Configuration by Laue Photographs (1954) (2)
- Non-planar Aromatic Molecules (1937) (2)
- X-Ray Scattering by Thermal Vibrations in Crystals (1948) (2)
- The thermal anisotropy of 1.3.5-trichlorobenzene and of 1.3.5-tribromobenzene (1960) (2)
- Variation of the Debye parameter B with temperature (1965) (2)
- H. Smith. (1952) (2)
- The need for determination of structures at different temperatures (1956) (2)
- ‘Figure of Merit’ of X-Ray Tubes (1945) (2)
- What Chemistry Owes to X-Rays (1947) (2)
- Science, Man and Morals (1966) (1)
- The Ethical Problems of Scientists (1951) (1)
- Prof. W. T. Astbury, F.R.S. (1961) (1)
- Diffuse Spots in X-Ray Crystal Photographs (1941) (1)
- Letter to Editors (1943) (1)
- Crystal structure analysis for undergraduates (1964) (1)
- X-Ray Examination of Hail (1946) (1)
- Vibrating Atoms in Crystals (1959) (1)
- Sign determination in crystal-structure analysis (1954) (1)
- Structural studies of hexa-methonium bromides, (CH3)3N(CH2)nN(CH3)3.2Br. 2H2O, in relation to their pharmacological action. (1965) (1)
- III Impressions from a Recent Moscow Visit (1952) (1)
- Kariamanikkam Srinivasa Krishnan, 1898-1961 (1967) (1)
- Quakers visit Russia (1951) (1)
- Quantum Theory and Diffuse X-Ray Reflexions (1942) (1)
- Crystallography in Spain (1950) (1)
- The Structures of Solids (1962) (1)
- International Tables for X‐ray Crystallography. Errata (1960) (0)
- Magnetism and the Structure of Matter (1940) (0)
- New Constitution for British Physicists (1969) (0)
- Books also received (1965) (0)
- The diffuse scattering of NaClO3 (1950) (0)
- A month in Holloway. (1946) (0)
- The structure of melamine, C3N6H6 (1940) (0)
- Arthur Stanley Eddington Memorial Lectureship (1946) (0)
- Is peace possible (1957) (0)
- [Book Reviews] (1964) (0)
- Structure reports for 1951 Vol. XV, edited by A. J. C. Wilson. Pp. viii + 588. International Union of Crystallography. Oosthoek's Uitgevers Mij., Utrecht. 1957. E10 10s. net (1958) (0)
- Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S. (1942) (0)
- Dr. Alex Müller (1947) (0)
- Neutron diffraction: G. E. BACON, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2nd edition, 1962, 426 pp., 55s (1962) (0)
- Recent Research Work in the Davy Faraday Laboratory (1946) (0)
- Another Doctors' Dilemma (1969) (0)
- Aspects of Form by L. L. Whyte (1953) (0)
- [Supplement to Nature] (1959) (0)
- The Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory (0)
- Prof. Carl Hermann (1961) (0)
- Admission of women into the Fellowship of the Royal Society (1946) (0)
- Mr. H. Smith (1952) (0)
- Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding (1963) (0)
- Is ‘Super-Refinement’ Legitimate in X-Ray Crystal Analysis (1957) (0)
- Origin of Serendipity. (1963) (0)
- Structure of Organic Crystals and Molecules (1954) (0)
- New use for old X-ray tubes (1959) (0)
- Commentary: specialized scientific training and citizenship. (1950) (0)
- Large increase of light sensitivity at low temperatures for certain types of X-ray film (1956) (0)
- An Introduction to Modern Chemistry (1965) (0)
- Towards a Public Understanding of Science (1965) (0)
- Contributions of Science to Peace (1953) (0)
- William Henry Bragg, 1862-1942 (1943) (0)
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