Merrill Swain

Merrill Swain's AcademicInfluence.com Rankings

Merrill Swain

Communications

#663

World Rank

#1073

Historical Rank

Linguistics

#211

World Rank

#284

Historical Rank

communications Degrees

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Communications

Why Is Merrill Swain Influential?

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According to Wikipedia, Merrill Swain is a Canadian applied linguist whose research has focused on second language acquisition . Some of her most notable contributions to SLA research include the Output Hypothesis and her research related to immersion education. Swain is a Professor Emerita at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto. Swain is also known for her work with Michael Canale on communicative competence. Swain was the president of the American Association for Applied Linguistics in 1998. She received her PhD in psychology at the University of California. Swain has co-supervised 64 PhD students.

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Merrill Swain's Published Works

Number of citations in a given year to any of this author's works

Total number of citations to an author for the works they published in a given year. This highlights publication of the most important work(s) by the author

Published Works

THEORETICAL BASES OF COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES TO SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHING AND TESTING (1980) (5894)
Three functions of output in second language learning (1995) (2211)
Problems in Output and the Cognitive Processes They Generate: A Step Towards Second Language Learning (1995) (1451)
Interaction and Second Language Learning: Two Adolescent French Immersion Students Working Together (1998) (948)
Researching Pedagogic Tasks: Second Language Learning, Teaching, and Testing (2013) (842)
The Output Hypothesis: Theory and Research (2005) (828)
The output hypothesis : Just speaking and writing aren't enough (1993) (706)
Task-based second language learning: the uses of the first language (2000) (695)
A Transdisciplinary Framework for SLA in a Multilingual World (2016) (677)
Explicit and Implicit Negative Feedback (1993) (609)
Talking It through: Two French Immersion Learners' Response to Reformulation. (2002) (499)
Focus on form through collaborative dialogue: Exploring task effects (2001) (485)
A Vygotskian Perspective on Corrective Feedback in L2: The Effect of Random Versus Negotiated Help on the Learning of English Articles (2000) (463)
Effects of proficiency differences and patterns of pair interaction on second language learning: collaborative dialogue between adult ESL learners (2007) (451)
Using collaborative language production tasks to promote students’ language awareness1 (1994) (362)
Bilingualism in Education (1986) (331)
Immersion education : international perspectives (1997) (301)
The inseparability of cognition and emotion in second language learning (2011) (297)
Manipulating and Complementing Content Teaching To Maximize Second Language Learning (1988) (282)
Languaging: University Students Learn the Grammatical Concept of Voice in French (2009) (267)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency (1990) (260)
Sociocultural Theory in Second Language Education: An Introduction Through Narratives (2010) (257)
A Sociolinguistic Perspective on Second Language Use in Immersion Classrooms (1995) (253)
Integrating Language and Content Teaching through Collaborative Tasks (2001) (244)
An interacting loop model for solar flare bursts. (2002) (242)
Bilingualism in Education: Aspects of theory, research and practice (2014) (239)
“New” Mainstream SLA Theory: Expanded and Enriched (2007) (227)
Immersion Education: Immersion education: A category within bilingual education (1997) (219)
Examining dialogue: another approach to content specification and to validating inferences drawn from test scores (2001) (200)
The evolving sociopolitical context of immersion education in Canada: some implications for program development1 (2005) (191)
The role of mother tongue literacy in third language learning (1990) (191)
A Vygotskian sociocultural perspective on immersion education: The L1/L2 debate (2013) (190)
Learner Awareness of Recasts in Classroom Interaction: A Case Study of an Adult EFL Student's Second Language Learning (2002) (184)
THE INTERLANGUAGE HYPOTHESIS EXTENDED TO CHILDREN1 (1975) (165)
Integrating Language and Content in Immersion Classrooms: Research Perspectives. (1996) (156)
Immersion Education: From semantic to syntactic processing: How can we promote it in the immersion classroom? (1997) (149)
Collaborative dialogue: its contribution to second language learning (1997) (144)
The role of feedback in adult second language acquisition: Error correction and morphological generalizations (1992) (143)
Reformulation and the Learning of French Pronominal Verbs in a Canadian French Immersion Context. (2002) (140)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency: Aspects of classroom treatment: toward a more comprehensive view of second language education (1990) (136)
A Canadian Interprovincial Exchange: Evaluating the Linguistic Impact of a Three-Month Stay in Quebec (1995) (136)
FRENCH IMMERSION RESEARCH IN CANADA: RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO SLA AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS (2000) (119)
Minority language students in a French immersion programme: Their French proficiency (1989) (117)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency: The nature of language proficiency (1990) (116)
French Immersion Research Agenda for the 90s. (1990) (115)
Reformulation: the cognitive conflict and L2 learning it generates (2005) (109)
A Theoretical Framework for Communicative Competence. (1981) (103)
Self-Assessment, French Immersion, and Locus of Control (1993) (99)
Evaluating Bilingual Education: A Canadian Case Study. Multilingual Matters 2. (1982) (98)
9. PEER-PEER DIALOGUE AS A MEANS OF SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING (2002) (94)
Canadian Immersion and Adult Second Language Teaching: What's the Connection? (1989) (91)
Test-Takers' Strategic Behaviors in Independent and Integrated Speaking Tasks. (2013) (85)
Bilingual Education: The "Immersion" Model in the North American Context (1976) (76)
THREE‐YEAR EVALUATION OF A LARGE SCALE EARLY GRADE FRENCH IMMERSION PROGRAM: THE OTTAWA STUDY1 (1975) (76)
Self‐scaffolding mediated by languaging: microgenetic analysis of high and low performers (2010) (76)
Early and Middle French Immersion Programs: French Language Outcomes. (1991) (76)
TIME AND TIMING IN BILINGUAL EDUCATION (1981) (75)
French Immersion: Early, Late or Partial?. (1978) (72)
Perception of Learner Proficiency: Its Impact on the Interaction Between an ESL Learner and Her Higher and Lower Proficiency Partners (2008) (69)
LINGUISTIC INTERACTION: CASE STUDY OF A BILINGUAL CHILD (1975) (69)
Languaging: Collaborative Dialogue as a Source of Second Language Learning (2019) (68)
How to Have a Guilt-free Life Using Cantonese in the English Class: A Handbook for the English Language Teacher in Hong Kong (2011) (67)
Time on Task and Immersion Graduates' French Proficiency (1998) (66)
A longitudinal study of bilingual and cognitive development(1) (1976) (64)
Additive bilingualism and French immersion education: The roles of language proficiency and literacy. (1991) (62)
Contextualizing Performances: Comparing Performances During TOEFL iBTTM and Real-Life Academic Speaking Activities (2014) (62)
VERBAL PROTOCOLS: WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR RESEARCH TO USE SPEAKING AS A DATA COLLECTION TOOL? (2006) (61)
Bilingual Education in Ontario: A Decade of Research. (1981) (60)
Alise’s small stories: indices of identity construction and of resistance to the discourse of cognitive impairment (2010) (59)
French Immersion Programs Across Canada: Research Findings (1974) (58)
Bilingualism, Cognitive Functioning and Education (1979) (58)
Foreign/Second Language Pedagogy Research: A Commemorative Volume for Claus Faerch (1992) (58)
LANGUAGING IN COLLABORATIVE WRITING: Creation of and Response to Expertise (2009) (56)
Mediating between scientific and spontaneous concepts through languaging (2010) (54)
The Routledge Handbook of Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Development (2018) (53)
Heritage Language Children in an English-French Bilingual Program. (1991) (52)
Analysis-by-Rhetoric: Reading the Text or the Reader's Own Projections? A Reply to Edelsky et al.1 (1983) (51)
From core to content: Bridging the L2 proficiency gap in late immersion (1994) (50)
Discovering Successful Second Language Teaching Strategies and Practices: From Programme Evaluation to Classroom Experimentation (1996) (46)
Some Limitations to the Classroom Applications of Current Second Language Acquisition Research (1976) (42)
Designing bilingual education: Aspects of immersion and ‘European school’ models (1985) (41)
Learning in a Content-Based, Collaboratively Structured Course: The Experience of an Adult ESL Learner (1994) (39)
THE USE OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH CLOZE TESTS IN A BILINGUAL EDUCATION PROGRAM EVALUATION: VALIDITY AND ERROR ANALYSIS1 (1977) (39)
Second language testing and second language acquisition: is there a conflict with traditional psychometrics? (1993) (38)
Interaction, Output, and Communicative Language Learning (2008) (38)
Evaluation of a French immersion program: The Ottawa study through Grade five. (1978) (37)
Languaging as Agent and Constituent of Cognitive Change in an Older Adult: An Example. (2011) (36)
Alternatives to Spontaneous Speech: Elicited Translation and Imitation as Indicators of Second Language Competence. Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. 3. (1974) (35)
THE SPEAKING SECTION OF THE TOEFL IBT™ (SSTIBT): TEST‐TAKERS' REPORTED STRATEGIC BEHAVIORS (2009) (35)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency: References (1990) (31)
Personality Characteristics and Second Language Learning in Young Children: A Pilot Study. Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. 11. (1976) (30)
The Role of Languaging in Creating Zones of Proximal Development (ZPDs): A Long-Term Care Resident Interacts with a Researcher* (2010) (29)
Early French Immersion Later On. (1981) (27)
Writing Skills of Grade Three French Immersion Pupils. Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. 7. (1975) (26)
Adolescent Language Learners on a Three‐Month Exchange: Insights from their Diaries (1995) (26)
Vocabulary teaching in a grade 8 French immersion classroom : A descriptive case study (1996) (26)
Task Outcomes: A Focus on Immersion Students' Use of Pronominal Verbs in Their Writing (2000) (24)
Primary-Grade French Immersion in a Unilingual English-Canadian Setting: The Toronto Study through Grade 2 (1976) (24)
Chapter 6: Lexical Learning Through a Multitask Activity: The Role of Repetition (2008) (23)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency: Social and individual factors in the development of bilingual proficiency (1990) (22)
French Immersion Programs in Canada (1997) (22)
L2 development as cognitive-emotive process (2017) (22)
BILINGUAL EDUCATION FOR MAJORITY AND MINORITY LANGUAGE CHILDREN (1981) (21)
A Vygotskian sociocultural perspective on immersion education (2013) (21)
On the Emotion–Cognition Dialectic: A Sociocultural Response to Prior (2019) (20)
English-French Bilingual Education in the Early Grades: The Elgin Study* (1974) (20)
Cognitive and Affective enhancement among older adults: The role of languaging (2013) (20)
The Speaking Section of the TOEFL iBT[TM] (SSTiBT): Test-Takers' Reported Strategic Behaviors. TOEFL iBT[TM] Research Report. RR-09-30. (2009) (19)
The Cloze Test as a Measure of Second Language Proficiency for Young Children. (1976) (18)
What underlies immersion students' production: The case of avoir besoin de (2004) (18)
Personality Characteristics and Second Language Learning in Young Children : A Pilot Study 1 (2009) (16)
Bilingualism, Monolingualism, and Code Acquisition. (1971) (15)
Minority Language Students in a French Programme: Their French Proficiency. (1989) (15)
Immersion education: applicability for nonvernacular teaching to vernacular speakers (1981) (15)
Language issues and education policies : exploring Canada's multilingual resources (1984) (14)
4. Perezhivanie: The Cognitive–Emotional Dialectic within the Social Situation of Development (2019) (13)
An Analysis of Verb Form and Function in the Speech of French Immersion Pupils. Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. 14. (1977) (13)
Exploring the Effect of Languaging Activities on Cognitive Functioning: The Case of an Older Adult in a Long-Term Care Facility (2013) (12)
A Canadian Experiment in Bilingual Education: The Peel Study (1976) (11)
A Canadian experiment in bilingual schooling in the senior grades: The Peel study through Grade 101 (1976) (11)
Bibliography: Research on Immersion Education for the Majority Child. (1976) (10)
School Reform Through Bilingual Education: Problems and Some Solutions in Evaluating Programs (1978) (10)
Linguistic Expectations: Core, Extended and Immersion Programs. (1981) (10)
The Role of Grammar in a Communicative Approach to Second Language Teaching and Testing. (1982) (10)
English‐French Bilingual Education in the Early Grades: The Elgin Study Through Grade Four* (1976) (8)
Update on French Immersion: The Toronto Study through Grade 3 (1976) (8)
Communicative language tests: Perks and perils (1987) (8)
Evaluation of a Bilingual Education Program in Canada: The Elgin Study Through Grade Six. Acts of the Colloquium of the Swiss Interuniversity Commission for Applied Linguistics. CILA Bulletin, No. 27. (1978) (8)
A Large scale program in french immersion: the ottawa study through grade three (1976) (8)
Immersion Education: List of contributors (1997) (7)
French immersion in Canada: The ottawa study through grade four (1977) (7)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency: Introduction (1990) (6)
Language — Bilingual Programs. Three-Year Evaluation of a Large Scale Early Grade French Immersion Program (1976) (5)
Examining the quality of measures of change in cognition and affect for older adults: Two case studies (2011) (5)
Research Conference on Immersion Education for the Majority Child: Introduction. (1976) (5)
Forum: Restoring the Balance: A Response to Hammerly (1989) (5)
5. Verbal protocols (2006) (4)
Autobiographic episodes as languaging: Affective and cognitive changes in an older adult (2014) (4)
Introduction to Leo van Lier (2008) (3)
English-Speaking Child + Early French Immersion = Bilingual Child? And Comments of Guest Analysts. (1976) (3)
Introduction (2018) (3)
Bilingual Education Project: Evaluation of the 1974-75 French Immersion Program in Grades 2-4, Ottawa Board of Education and Carleton Board of Education. (1975) (3)
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO RESEARCH IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING (1978) (3)
French Immersion Classes: A Promising Route to Bilingualism. (1973) (2)
More about Primary French Immersion Classes. (1975) (2)
Canadian Immersion and Adult Second (2016) (2)
Strategic Speaking Clusters in Testing and Real-life Contexts (2013) (1)
Anecdotes of accidents: second language research going awry and telling us why (1989) (1)
Immersion Education: Contents (1997) (1)
“Oh, I Get It Now!” (2017) (1)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency: Response by DBP project members to the discussion papers of Lyle Bachman and Jacquelyn Schachter (1990) (1)
Analytic and Experiental Aspects of Second Language Teaching (1989) (1)
The Role of Curricular Approach, Rural-Urban Background, and Socioeconomic Status in Second Language Learning: The Cornwall Area Study. (1978) (1)
Immersion Education: LESSONS FROM EXPERIENCE AND NEW DIRECTIONS (1997) (0)
Bilingualism and Minority-Lan hildren Jim Cummins (2007) (0)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency: Response by DBP project members to the discussion papers of Richard Bourhis and Alison d'Anglejan (1990) (0)
Immersion Education: Preface (1997) (0)
French as a second language in Ontario ' are presented along with commentaries : Merrill Swain and Sharon Lapkin-' s findings from the study " BiliDgual Education in Ontario : A Decade of Research " (2011) (0)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency: Series editors' preface (1990) (0)
Bilingual Education Project: Evaluation of the 1973-74 French Immersion Program in Grades 1-3 in the Federal Capital's Public Schools. (1974) (0)
Immersion Education: Series editors' preface (1997) (0)
The Development of Second Language Proficiency: Response by DBP project members to the discussion papers of Patsy Lightbown and H.H. (David) Stern (1990) (0)
Immersion Education: IMMERSION FOR LANGUAGE REVIVAL (1997) (0)
Immersion Education: IMMERSION FOR MAJORITY-LANGUAGE STUDENTS IN A MINORITY LANGUAGE (1997) (0)
Working in Pairs: Top Ten Quotes from Early French Immersion Students about their Peer Collaboration (2007) (0)
Immersion Education: IMMERSION IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (1997) (0)
Immersion Education: IMMERSION IN A LANGUAGE OF POWER (1997) (0)
IMMERSION FOR LANGUAGE SUPPORT (1997) (0)
A Comparison of Graduate Students’ Speaking Performances in Three Contexts: TOEFL iBT, In-Class Content Classes, and Out-of-Class Academic Activities (2014) (0)
I Bilingual Education Project : Evaluation of the 1973-74 French Immersion Program in Grades KA at Allenby Public School , Toronto it 2 (2011) (0)

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Other Resources About Merrill Swain

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What Schools Are Affiliated With Merrill Swain?

Merrill Swain is affiliated with the following schools:

University of Toronto