Robert McNeill Alexander | Academic Influence

Robert McNeill Alexander's AcademicInfluence.com Rankings

Robert McNeill Alexander

Biology

#853

World Rank

#1485

Historical Rank

Zoology

#23

World Rank

#78

Historical Rank

biology Degrees

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Biology

Robert McNeill Alexander's Degrees

PhD Zoology University of Oxford
Bachelors Zoology University of Oxford

Why Is Robert McNeill Alexander Influential?

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According to Wikipedia, Robert McNeill Alexander, CBE FRS was a British zoologist and a leading authority in the field of biomechanics. For thirty years he was Professor of Zoology at the University of Leeds. Early life and education Alexander was born in Lisburn, Northern Ireland, one of the four sons of Robert Alexander and his wife Janet McNeill. His father was the chief engineer of the city of Belfast. His mother was a novelist and playwright who wrote more than 20 children’s books and two opera libretti. He was educated at Tonbridge School and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge where he gained an MA and a PhD. His PhD research at Cambridge was supervised by Professor Sir James Gray, FRS. Subsequently, he was awarded a DSc by the University of Wales.

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Robert McNeill Alexander's Published Works

Number of citations in a given year to any of this author's works

Total number of citations to an author for the works they published in a given year. This highlights publication of the most important work(s) by the author

Published Works

Storage of elastic strain energy in muscle and other tissues (1977) (704)
The spring in the arch of the human foot (1987) (673)
Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates. (1989) (653)
Elastic mechanisms in animal movement (1988) (571)
Ecological morphology : integrative organismal biology (1995) (462)
Three Uses for Springs in Legged Locomotion (1990) (449)
Energy-saving mechanisms in walking and running. (1991) (440)
A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals (2009) (424)
The Gaits of Bipedal and Quadrupedal Animals (1984) (381)
Mechanical properties of various mammalian tendons (1986) (367)
Why are mammalian tendons so thick (1988) (366)
Tendon elasticity and muscle function. (2002) (337)
Elastic Energy Stores in Running Vertebrates (1984) (287)
Walking and running (1984) (262)
Allometry of the leg muscles of mammals (1981) (247)
Sources of Power (1982) (234)
Mechanics of posture and gait of some large dinosaurs (1985) (221)
Allometry of the limb bones of mammals from shrews (Sorex) to elephant (Loxodonta) (2009) (208)
Exploring Biomechanics: Animals in Motion (1992) (205)
A theory of metabolic costs for bipedal gaits. (1997) (205)
The orientation of muscle fibres in the myomeres of fishes (1969) (205)
Models and the scaling of energy costs for locomotion (2005) (197)
The mechanics of hopping by kangaroos (Macropodidae) (2009) (181)
Dynamics of dinosaurs and other extinct giants (1989) (178)
The thickness of the walls of tubular bones (2009) (178)
Leg design and jumping technique for humans, other vertebrates and insects. (1995) (176)
Fatigue rupture of wallaby tail tendons. (1995) (168)
Optimum take-off techniques for high and long jumps. (1990) (166)
Mechanics of locomotion of dogs (Canis familiaris) and sheep (Ovis aries). (2009) (148)
A minimum energy cost hypothesis for human arm trajectories (1997) (141)
Fourier analysis of forces exerted in walking and running. (1980) (137)
Simple Models of Human Movement (1995) (129)
MECHANICS OF BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION (1976) (120)
Design by numbers (2001) (119)
Energy for animal life (1999) (110)
Factors of safety in the structure of animals. (1981) (109)
The mechanical properties of the human heel pad: a paradox resolved. (1995) (109)
The maximum forces exerted by animals. (1985) (101)
Ratios of cross-sectional areas of muscles and their tendons in a healthy human forearm. (1991) (99)
MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES AND FUNCTION OF THE PAW PADS OF SOME MAMMALS (1986) (98)
Size and shape (1971) (94)
The mechanics of jumping by a dog (Canis familiaris) (2009) (88)
Elastic structures in the back and their rôle in galloping in some mammals (2009) (87)
Allometry of the limbs of antelopes (Bovidae) (2009) (86)
How Dinosaurs Ran (1991) (86)
Size, Speed and Buoyancy Adaptations in Aquatic Animals (1990) (84)
Why Mammals Gallop (1988) (84)
Modelling approaches in biomechanics. (2003) (81)
Optimum walking techniques for quadrupeds and bipeds (2009) (81)
Structure and function in the catfish (2009) (80)
Rubber-like properties of the inner hinge-ligament of Pectinidae. (1966) (80)
All-time giants: the largest animals and their problems [Palaeontological Association annual address] (1998) (80)
Optimum timing of muscle activation for simple models of throwing. (1991) (76)
Mechanics of running of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) (2009) (76)
Optimum Muscle Design for Oscillatory Movements. (1997) (74)
The functions and mechanisms of the protrusible upper jaws of some acanthopterygian fish (2009) (72)
Energetics and optimization of human walking and running: the 2000 Raymond Pearl memorial lecture. (2002) (72)
THE LIFT PRODUCED BY THE HETEROCERCAL TAILS OF SELACHII (1965) (72)
Fossil Evidence for Plant-Arthropod Interactions in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic [and Discussion] (1991) (72)
Walking Made Simple (2005) (68)
The Architecture of Leg Muscles (1990) (67)
Optimization of gut structure and diet for higher vertebrate herbivores. (1991) (66)
Elastic mechanisms in primate locomotion. (1991) (63)
Foot Strike and the Properties of the Human Heel Pad (1989) (63)
Estimates of forces exerted by the jaw muscles of some reptiles (1987) (62)
Allometry of the legs of running birds (2009) (62)
Characteristics of ground reaction forces in normal and chimpanzee-like bipedal walking by humans. (1996) (62)
Fast locomotion of some African ungulates (2009) (62)
Vertical movements in walking and running (2009) (61)
WHEN IS MIGRATION WORTHWHILE FOR ANIMALS THAT WALK, SWIM OR FLY? (1998) (61)
Efficiency and economy in animal physiology (1992) (59)
A mechanical analysis of a hind leg of a frog (Rana temporaria) (2010) (58)
The Human Machine (1992) (58)
Elastic energy storage in the hopping of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) (2009) (57)
Optimization of structure and movement of the legs of animals. (1993) (56)
Mechanical stresses in fast locomotion of buffalo (Syncews coffer) and elephant (Loxodonta africana) (2009) (56)
Optimum strengths for bones liable to fatigue and accidental fracture. (1984) (56)
Stability and Manoeuvrability of Terrestrial Vertebrates1 (2002) (55)
On the synchronization of breathing with running in wallabies (Macropus spp.) and horses (Equus caballus) (1989) (54)
Stresses in human leg muscles in running and jumping determined by force plate analysis and from published magnetic resonance images. (1998) (54)
Dinosaur biomechanics (2006) (53)
Bending of cylindrical animals with helical fibres in their skin or cuticle (1987) (52)
Adaptation in the skulls and cranial muscles of South American characinoid fish (1964) (49)
The Physical Properties of the Swimbladder in Intact Cypriniformes (1959) (49)
The Merits and Implications of Travel by Swimming, Flight and Running for Animals of Different Sizes1 (2002) (48)
The development of fatigue quality in high- and low-stressed tendons of sheep (Ovis aries). (2000) (48)
Forces in animal joints (1980) (48)
Estimates of energy cost for quadrupedal running gaits (2010) (47)
The role of tendon elasticity in the locomotion of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) (2009) (47)
The gaits of chelonians: walking techniques for very low speeds (2009) (45)
Optimum stiffness for leg bones (1990) (45)
Forces exerted on the ground by galloping dogs (Canis familiaris) (1987) (45)
The relative merits of foregut and hindgut fermentation (1993) (42)
Mechanics of running by quail (Coturnix) (2009) (42)
Locomotion and bone strength of the white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum (1992) (42)
Mechanics of the feeding action of various teleost fishes (2009) (41)
Allometry of the leg bones of moas (Dinornithes) and other birds (2009) (41)
Viso-Elastic Properties of the Body-Wall of Sea Anemones (1962) (40)
The ideal and the feasible: physical constraints on evolution (1985) (40)
A theory of mixed chains applied to safety factors in biological systems. (1997) (37)
Mechanics of the feeding action of a cyprinid fish (2009) (35)
Hitching a lift hydrodynamically - in swimming, flying and cycling (2004) (35)
The Densities of Cyprinidae (1959) (34)
Elastic extension of leg tendons in the locomotion of horses (Equus caballus) (2009) (32)
Running is priced by the step (1990) (31)
Tail blow energy and carapace fractures in a large glyptodont (Mammalia, Xenarthra) (1999) (31)
Elastic properties of structures in the tails of cetaceans (Phocaena and Lagenorhynchus) and their effect on the energy cost of swimming (1987) (31)
News of chews: the optimization of mastication (1998) (30)
The hopping gaits of crows (Corvidae) and other bipeds (2009) (29)
THE STRUCTURE OF THE WEBERIAN APPARATUS IN THE CYPRINI (2009) (29)
Mechanisms of the jaws of some atheriniform fish (2009) (28)
The Psysical Properties of the Swimbladders of Fish Other Than Cypriniformes (1959) (28)
Rebound resilience of tendons in the feet of sheep (Ovis aries). (1978) (27)
THE STRUCTURE OF THE WEBERIAN APPARATUS IN THE SILURI (2009) (27)
The scope and aims of functional and ecological morphology (1987) (26)
The Digestive System in Mammals: Food, Form and Function: Optimum gut structure for specified diets (1994) (24)
Sequential joint extension in jumping (1989) (24)
Mechanics of the ligamentum nuchae of some artiodactyls (2009) (24)
Mechanics of fossil vertebrates (1989) (24)
Visco-Elastic Properties of the Mesogloea of Jellyfish (1964) (24)
Estimates of the bending moments exerted by the lumbar and abdominal muscles of some mammals (1981) (23)
On the massive legs of a Moa (Pachyornis elephantopus, Dinornithes) (2009) (22)
The work that muscles can do (1992) (22)
Breathing while trotting. (1993) (22)
Some principles of ligament function, with examples from the tarsal joints of the sheep (Ovis aries) (1987) (21)
Jaw Mechanisms of the Coelacanth Latimeria (1973) (21)
The U, J and L of bird flight (1997) (21)
Respiratory Currents of Flatfish (1967) (21)
The significance of sesamoids and retro‐articular processes for the mechanics of joints (2009) (21)
The relationship between limb‐segment proportions and joint kinematics for the hind limbs of quadrupedal mammals (2002) (21)
Elastic strain energy storage in the feet of running monkeys (1989) (20)
Simple models of walking and jumping (1992) (19)
Mechanics of animal movement (2005) (19)
Walking, Running and Jumping (1982) (19)
Vertical Clinging and Leaping Revisited: Locomotion and Habitat Use in the Western Tarsier, Tarsius bancanus Explored Via Loglinear Modeling (2010) (19)
Invited Editorial on “Interaction of leg stiffness and surface stiffness during human hopping” (1997) (19)
The energetics of coprophagy: a theoretical analysis (1993) (19)
Estimates of mechanical stresses in leg muscles of galloping Greyhounds (Canis familiaris) (2009) (18)
Infrared bands of HI and DI (1971) (18)
The Physical Properties of the Isolated Swimbladder in Cyprinidae (1959) (18)
The role of tendon elasticity in hopping in a wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) (2009) (18)
Winging their way (2000) (18)
Hovering and jumping: contrasting problems in scaling (2000) (18)
The functions and mechanisms of the protrusible upper jaws of two species of cyprinid fish (2009) (17)
Feeding and the Texture of Food (1992) (16)
Elastic Mechanisms in the Locomotion of Vertebrates (1989) (16)
Doubts and Assumptions in Dinosaur Mechanics (1991) (15)
The Legs of Ostriches ( Struthio ) and Moas ( Pachyornis ) (1985) (15)
Tyrannosaurus on the run (1996) (15)
Incidence of healed fracture in the skeletons of birds, molluscs and primates (2009) (15)
Body Size and Limb Design in Primates and Other Mammals (1985) (15)
Bioenergetics: One price to run, swim or fly? (1999) (15)
Springs for wings. (1995) (14)
The effect of temperature on the tensile stiffness of mammalian tail tendons (1991) (14)
Elastic properties of the hind foot of the Donkey, Equus asinus (2009) (14)
Bones: The Unity Of Form And Function (1994) (14)
A simple model for fast planar arm movements; optimising mechanical activation and moment-arms of uniarticular and biarticular arm muscles. (1997) (13)
Elastic properties of the feet of deer (Cervidae) (2009) (12)
Human walking and running (1984) (12)
A Rodent as Big as a Buffalo (2003) (12)
Engineering Approaches to Chewing and Digestion (1999) (12)
Human energetics: Making headway in Africa (1986) (11)
Evolution of Integrated Design (1975) (11)
The performance of the muscles involved in spitting by the Archerfish Toxotes (2009) (11)
Optimum walking techniques for idealized animals (2009) (11)
Wallabies vibrate to breathe (1987) (10)
Sticking with nature (2005) (10)
The Role of Hypotheses in Biomechanical Research (2012) (10)
Properties and function of extensible ligaments in the necks of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and other birds (1987) (10)
Elastic properties of the forefoot of the Donkey, Equus asinus (2009) (10)
Gaits of Mammals and Turtles (1993) (10)
Antennae as Gyroscopes (2007) (9)
Visco-Elastic Properties of the Tunica Externa of the Swimbladder in Cyprinidae (1961) (9)
Size shape and structure for running and flight (1982) (9)
Energy-minimizing choices of muscles and patterns of movement. (2000) (9)
Optimization of Muscles and Movement for Performance or Economy of Energy (2000) (8)
Leaning trees on sloping ground (1997) (8)
Lift produced by the Heterocercal Tail of Acipenser (1966) (7)
Social aspects of environmental pollution. (1971) (7)
Bistable properties of the hock joint of horses (Equus spp.) (1989) (7)
Human Bones: A Scientific and Pictorial Investigation (2004) (7)
Mechanics of Skeleton and Tendons (2011) (6)
Sprinting and endurance for cyclists and runners. (2006) (6)
Chapter 2. Body Support, Scaling, and Allometry (1985) (6)
It may be better to be a wimp (1991) (6)
Big flies have bigger cells (1995) (6)
The Evolution of the Basilisk (1963) (6)
Introduction to biotribology: Animal locomotion (2006) (5)
Control of a robot dinosaur (1999) (5)
Biochemical adaptation to environmental change: Edited by R. M. S. Smellie & J. F. Pennock. (Biochemical Society Symposia no. 41) pp. ix + 240. Biochemical Society, London. 1976. £10.00 (1977) (5)
Insects and vortices (1994) (5)
The flight of the pterosaur (1994) (5)
Elastomeric Proteins: Functions of Elastomeric Proteins in Animals (2003) (5)
Joints and muscles of hands and paws (1993) (5)
Biomechanics: Leaping lizards and dinosaurs (2012) (4)
Running and Jumping by Athletes and Animals (1995) (4)
Smokescreen on insect flight (1996) (4)
Chapter 14. Swimming with Oars and Hydrofoils (2003) (4)
Biomechanics ‐ Materials: A Practical Approach. Edited by J. F. V. Vincent. Pp. 247. IRL Press, Oxford, 1992. £50.00 hardback. ISBN 0 19 963223 5. £27.50 paperback. ISBN 0 19 963222 7 (1995) (4)
Achievements and limitations in the mechanics of extinct animals (2003) (4)
Biomechanics: Damper for bad vibrations (2001) (4)
Locomotion. Running is priced by the step. (1990) (4)
Symmetry and precision of control of strength in limb bones of birds (2009) (4)
Problems of Scale for Walking and Climbing Animals (2005) (4)
Physiology. Walking made simple. (2005) (3)
Hopping and running on two legs or four (1980) (3)
Biomechanics: Stable Running (2007) (3)
Psychiatric aspects of proctologic practice. (1956) (3)
Tendon elasticity and positional control (1995) (3)
Biomechanics: Frogs in and out of phase (2002) (2)
The progress of animal mechanics. (1977) (2)
Biomechanics: Structures and Systems. A Practical Approach. Edited by A. A. Biewener. Pp. 290. Oxford University Press, 1992. £25.00 paperback. ISBN 0 19 963267 7 (1993) (2)
Dynamic Similarity in the Analysis of Animal Movement (1991) (2)
The legs of ostriches (Struthio) and moas (Pachyornis) (1985) (2)
Book Review:Mechanical Design in Organisms. S. A. Wainwright, W. D. Biggs, J. D. Currey, J. M. Gosline (1976) (2)
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SWIMBLADDERS OF SOME SOUTH AMERICAN CYPRINIFORMES (1961) (2)
Hans Werner Lissmann, 30 April 1909 - 21 April 1995 (1996) (2)
Gibbons swing stress away (1989) (2)
Do legs have surplus degrees of freedom? (1986) (2)
Obituary: Knut Schmidt-Nielsen (1915–2007) (2007) (1)
Profile No. 1 – ZOOLOGY (1981) (1)
Biophysics as natural history (1983) (1)
Light exercise (1993) (1)
Finding Purpose in Life (1998) (1)
Estimates of mechanical stresses in tortoise leg muscles (2009) (1)
Physiology. The work that muscles can do. (1992) (1)
Book Review:Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. David A. Winter (1991) (1)
Starfish and sea urchins (1990) (1)
On the difference in heel pad mechanics as deduced from in vivo and in vitro tests (1994) (1)
Physical Activity and Health: Comparative aspects of human activity (1992) (1)
Chapter 8. Climbing and Jumping (2003) (1)
ENERGY-SAVING MECHANISMS IN ANIMAL MOVEMENT (1993) (1)
Mechanics of fighting by extinct animals (2001) (1)
A new sense for muddy water. (2006) (1)
Response to “Moving on from Kirkpatrick (1994): estimating ‘safety factors’ for flying vertebrates” (2010) (1)
Chapter 2. Muscle, the Motor (2003) (1)
Drawings of vertebrate animals from the collection of Charles Hamilton Smith (1776–1859) (1986) (1)
WINTER CHLORIDE BEHAVIOR IN OHIO RIVERS AND THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE AND CLIMATE (2016) (0)
Designs on evolutionary invention (1998) (0)
Book Review:Posture and Movement. Richard E. Talbott, Donald R. Humphrey (1980) (0)
Book Review:The Restless Kingdom: An Exploration of Animal Movement. John Cooke (1992) (0)
Chapter 19. Epilogue (2003) (0)
Book Review:Neurophysiology of Postural Mechanisms. Tristan D. M. Roberts (1979) (0)
Flexing our muscle power (2002) (0)
Animals: Rotifers and roundworms (1990) (0)
Daily Vacation Bible Schools (1945) (0)
A muscle-driving model of human walking and estimate of metabolic expenditure on muscles (2006) (0)
Illustrations as analogues. (1962) (0)
Nature explained (1989) (0)
Chapter 12. Powered Forward Flight (2003) (0)
Frontal Foramina and Tripodes of the Characin Crenuchus (1963) (0)
Chapter 17. Buoyancy (2003) (0)
Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates . Edited by D. B. Wake and G. Roth. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. 1989. 451 pages. Cloth (£57.50). ISBN 0 471 92375 3. (1990) (0)
Animals: Lungfishes and amphibians (1990) (0)
All the Mammals (1966) (0)
Biophysics. Antennae as gyroscopes. (2007) (0)
Chapter 11. Hovering (2003) (0)
Chapter 1. The Best Way to Travel (2003) (0)
Mismatches in evolution The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and Disease, Daniel E. Lieberman (Pantheon Books, New York, NY; 2013) ISBN: 978-0-307-37941-2. (2014) (0)
Listen out for the death rattle (1998) (0)
Chapter 4. Consequences of Size Differences (2003) (0)
Chapter 9. Crawling and Burrowing (2003) (0)
Chapter 7. Walking, Running, and Hopping (2003) (0)
Head bones (1994) (0)
Functions of Elastomeric Proteins in Animals (2010) (0)
Factors Affecting Muscle Size and Structure (1976) (0)
Evolution. Enhanced: A rodent as big as a buffalo. (2003) (0)
Vertebrates as a whole (1985) (0)
Animals: Single-celled animals (1990) (0)
Chapter 16. Swimming by Jet Propulsion (2003) (0)
Functional Morphology in Vertebrates, H.-R. Duncker, G. Fleischer (Eds.). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart (1985), xiv (1986) (0)
Animals: Primitive chordates (1990) (0)
The Collins Encyclopedia of Animal Biology (1986) (0)
Animals: Mammals and their relatives (1990) (0)
Mechanics Of Flight Feathers: Effects Of Captivity? (2020) (0)
Animals: Animals with mesogloea (1990) (0)
V. Mosbrugger. The Tree Habit in Land Plants: a Functional Comparison of Trunk Constructions with a Brief Introduction into the Biomechanics of Trees. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin 1990. pp 161 DM40,000. ISBN 3‐540‐52374‐X. (1991) (0)
Chapter 10. Gliding and Soaring (2003) (0)
Book Review:Animal Skeletons. Studies in Biology No. 22. John D. Currey (1971) (0)
Zoologie 1. Invertebres, 4th edn. (1994) (0)
Animal mechanics (1950) (0)
Allometry. Big flies have bigger cells. (1995) (0)
Servos and regulators in the control of leg muscles (1982) (0)
Chapter 15. Swimming by Undulation (2003) (0)
COMPARATIVE BIOMECHANICS: LIFE's PHYSICAL WORLD. Edited by S. Vogel. xii 582 pp. Published by Princeton University Press, 2003. Price £39·95. ISBN 0‐691‐11297‐5. (2004) (0)
Mathematics applied to biology (1969) (0)
On fibreglass and fishes (1988) (0)
Biomechanics: Motion, Flow, Stress and Growth. By Y. C. Fung. Pp. 585. Springer‐Verlag, 1990. DM138.00 hardback. ISBN 3 540 97124 6 (1991) (0)
A Bioengineer's Analysis of Vertebrate Giants@@@Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants (1990) (0)
Animals: Sharks and some other fishes (1990) (0)
Animal Body Size: Linking Pattern and Process across Space, Time, and Taxonomic Group, F.A. Smith, S.K. Lyons (Eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2013), 267 pp., $50.00 £35.00. ISBN 978-0-226-01214-8 (2014) (0)
Animals: Bryozoans and brachiopods (1990) (0)
Animals: Segmented animals (1990) (0)
Animals: Teleosts and their relatives (1990) (0)
Where Animals Go (2006) (0)
Book Review:Biomechanics of the Musculo-Skeletal System. Benno M. Nigg, Walter Herzog (1996) (0)
Chapter 13. Moving on the Surface of Water (2003) (0)
The risks of the chase (1988) (0)

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