Virginia Apgar
American obstetrical anesthesiologist
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Philosophy
Virginia Apgar's Degrees
- Bachelors Zoology Mount Holyoke College
Why Is Virginia Apgar Influential?
(Suggest an Edit or Addition)According to Wikipedia, Virginia Apgar was an American physician, obstetrical anesthesiologist and medical researcher, best known as the inventor of the Apgar score, a way to quickly assess the health of a newborn child immediately after birth in order to combat infant mortality. In 1952, she developed the 10-point Apgar score to assist physicians and nurses in assessing the status of newborns. Given at one minute and five minutes after birth, the Apgar test measures a child's breathing, skin color, reflexes, motion, and heart rate. A friend said, "She probably did more than any other physician to bring the problem of birth defects out of back rooms." She was a leader in the fields of anesthesiology and teratology, and introduced obstetrical considerations to the established field of neonatology.
Virginia Apgar's Published Works
Published Works
- A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. (1953) (1365)
- DRUGS IN PREGNANCY. (1965) (482)
- Evaluation of the newborn infant; second report. (1958) (329)
- The acid-base status of human infants in relation to birth asphyxia and the onset of respiration. (1958) (294)
- Further observations on the newborn scoring system. (1962) (216)
- The newborn (Apgar) scoring system. Reflections and advice. (1966) (173)
- Pheochromocytoma. Anesthetic management during surgical treatment. (1951) (107)
- Acid-base homeostasis of the newborn infant during the first 24 hours of life. (1958) (88)
- COMPARISON OF REGIONAL AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN OBSTETRICS. WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRANSMISSION OF CYCLOPROPANE ACROSS THE PLACENTA (1957) (77)
- Nor-epinephrine (arterenol, sympathin N) as a pressor drug. (1949) (64)
- Pressure-time relations in safe correction of atelectasis in animal lungs. (1952) (61)
- Neonatal anoxia. I. A study of the relation of oxygenation at birth to intellectual development. (1955) (51)
- Perinatal asphyxia and psychologic signs of brain damage in childhood. (1959) (36)
- The transmission of meperidine across the human placenta. (1952) (36)
- Hydramnios and congenital anomalies. Study of series of seventy-four patients. (1960) (35)
- DRUGS IN PREGNANCY (1964) (28)
- STUDIES OF THE CARDIAC OUTPUT OF ANESTHETIZED DOGS DURING CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENT INFLATION OF THE LUNGS (1938) (21)
- Birth defects. Their significance as a public health problem. (1968) (19)
- THE USE OF NOR‐EPINEPHRINE(L‐ARTERENOL) AS A PRESSOR DRUG WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THORACO‐LUMBAR SYMPATHECTOMY (1951) (16)
- The Management of Pain in Cancer (1957) (16)
- Comparison of preschool Stanford-Binet and school-age WISC IQs. (1958) (16)
- The drug problem in pregnancy. (1966) (16)
- Transmission of drugs across the placenta. (1952) (15)
- Pressure-time relations in the safe correction of atelectasis in animal lungs. (1952) (15)
- The Pathology of Cerebral Palsy (1961) (14)
- CAREERS... IN ANESTHESIOLOGY. (1964) (13)
- Intragastric oxygen and resuscitation of the newborn. (1964) (13)
- Is my baby all right? A guide to birth defects (1972) (11)
- Studies on resuscitation; an experimental evaluation of the Bloxsom air lock. (1953) (10)
- Oxygen as a supportive therapy in fetal anoxia. (1950) (9)
- Symposium on the Placenta (1963) (9)
- Comparison of results to infant following maternal regional or general anesthesia for delivery. (1957) (8)
- The Obstetrician, Anaesthetist and the Paediatrician in the Management of Obstetric Problems (1964) (8)
- CONTINUOUS SPINAL ANESTHESIA (1942) (8)
- The role of the anesthesiologist in reducing neonatal mortality. (1955) (8)
- The first twelve minutes. (1957) (6)
- TETRACHLORETHYLENE AS AN ANESTHETIC AGENT (1943) (6)
- Is My Baby All Right (1979) (6)
- Experience with curare in anesthesia. (1946) (6)
- INTRAGASTRIC ADMINISTRATION OF OXYGEN (1959) (5)
- A nerve block clinic. (1948) (5)
- Down's syndrome : Mongolism (1970) (4)
- Infant resuscitation. (1956) (3)
- PERINATAL PROBLEMS AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (1965) (3)
- Human congenital anomalies. Present status of knowledge. (1961) (3)
- Intragastric Oxygen: Experimental Observations in Newborn Puppies 1 (1963) (3)
- [Statement by Virginia Apgar to the Subcommittee on Health, Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare] (1969) (3)
- CONTINUOUS SEGMENTAL EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA WITH CATHETER VIA THE CAUDAL CANAL: A PRELIMINARY NOTE (1949) (3)
- A new approach to prenatal diagnosis using trophoblast cells in maternal blood. (1975) (2)
- Experience with Curare in Anesthesia. (1947) (2)
- Obstetrics (Twelfth Edition) (1961) (2)
- SPINAL ANESTHESIA WITH MONOCAINE FORMATE: RESULTS IN 2,230 CASES (1944) (2)
- Metabolic effects of the anesthetic agents (1942) (1)
- Experience With Pontocain Spinal Anesthesia. (1939) (1)
- They're Solving the Mysteries of Birth Defects (1964) (1)
- Anesthesia for vaginal delivery. (1956) (1)
- Apgar on birth defects. (1968) (1)
- PUDENDAL BLOCK: Two New Techniques (1957) (1)
- Notes on Anesthesia (1949) (1)
- THE NEWBORN INTRAGASTRIC OXYGEN AND RESUSCITATION OF THE NEWBORN (1963) (1)
- THE TREATMENT OF UNTOWARD EFFECTS FROM NITROGEN (1942) (1)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to L. Joseph Butterfield (1961) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Mary Cawthon (1973) (0)
- Careers in anesthesiology. (1969) (0)
- CHAPTER 7. OBSTETRIC ANALGESIA AND ANESTHESIA (1961) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Elsie R. Carrington (1965) (0)
- First Annual Anesthesia Report (1939) (0)
- TRENDS IN RESEARCH IN CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN NORTH AMERICA (1965) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Hans Karl Wendl (1963) (0)
- Sixth Annual Baxter-Travenol lecture (1967) (0)
- The safety of the unborn child. By Geoffrey Chamberlain. Penguin, Baltimore. 183 pp. 1969 (1971) (0)
- Human Congenital Anomalies…1968: Sixth Baxter‐Travenol Lecture of the International Anesthesia Research Society (1968) (0)
- Aids to Anaesthesia. Fourth Edition (1959) (0)
- Management of Obstetric Difficulties (1961) (0)
- Modern motherhood : pregnancy, childbirth & the newborn baby (1969) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Cindy Luginbill (1973) (0)
- Zoology laboratory notebook page on the development of the egg (1927) (0)
- Why Not for All Babies (1961) (0)
- [Medication during pregnancy]. (1966) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Allen O. Whipple (1937) (0)
- How the March of Dimes Fights Birth Defects (1968) (0)
- Welcome (1973) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Karl A. Connell (1939) (0)
- Sixth Annual Report--Division of Anesthesia: 1943 (1944) (0)
- HAZARDS TO THE CONTINUUM OF GENETIC POTENTIAL. (1963) (0)
- Genetic counseling. Remarks of moderator. Afternoon session. (1970) (0)
- Anesthesia Report for the Surgical Executive Committee (1940) (0)
- OBG: Resuscitation of the newborn: when and how to do it (1966) (0)
- Congenital Anomalies, 1960 (1960) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to F. W. Clement (1938) (0)
- Rh Disease. . .1970 (1970) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Herbert E. Poch (1966) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Victor A. McKusick (1966) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Helen Apgar (1925) (0)
- Search for Birth Data on Thalidomide-Sensitive Period (1965) (0)
- Fifth Annual Report of Division of Anesthesia: 1942 (1943) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Helen M. Voorhees (1929) (0)
- Obstetrics. THIRTEENTH EDITION (1966) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to R. S. Ikonen (1974) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Joan Dunkelberger (1973) (0)
- Recent Advances in Anesthesia in General Practice (1940) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Robert E. Sharkey (1970) (0)
- Elements of pediatric anesthesia (1955) (0)
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MONGOLISM (1970) (0)
- OUTCOME OF PREMATURITY (1964) (0)
- Letter from Virginia Apgar to Paul A. Harper (1958) (0)
- Letter: Intrapartum sedation of fetus. (1974) (0)
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