Walter M. Fitch

Q: What Schools Are Affiliated With Walter M. Fitch

Walter M. Fitch is affiliated with the following schools: University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Irvine, North Carolina State University, University of California, Riverside

Walter M. Fitch's AcademicInfluence.com Rankings

Walter M. Fitch

Biology

#354

World Rank

#631

Historical Rank

#205

USA Rank

Evolutionary Biology

#41

World Rank

#54

Historical Rank

#26

USA Rank

biology Degrees

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Biology

Walter M. Fitch's Degrees

PhD Biology University of California, Berkeley

Why Is Walter M. Fitch Influential?

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According to Wikipedia, Walter Monroe Fitch was a pioneering American researcher in molecular evolution. Education and career Fitch attended University of California, Berkeley, where he graduated with an A.B. in chemistry in 1953 and a Ph.D. in comparative biochemistry in 1958. Fitch spent 24 years at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, followed by three years at the University of Southern California and then was professor of molecular evolution at the University of California, Irvine, until his death. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was a Foreign Member of the London Linnean Society. He co-founded the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, with Masatoshi Nei, and was the first president of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Walter M. Fitch's Published Works

Number of citations in a given year to any of this author's works

Total number of citations to an author for the works they published in a given year. This highlights publication of the most important work(s) by the author

Published Works

Toward Defining the Course of Evolution: Minimum Change for a Specific Tree Topology (1971) (7180)
Construction of phylogenetic trees. (1967) (3258)
Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins. (1970) (1486)
Tempo and mode in evolution. (1994) (1102)
Homology a personal view on some of the problems. (2000) (630)
A natural classification of the basic helix-loop-helix class of transcription factors. (1997) (624)
TESTING SPECIES PHYLOGENIES AND PHYLOGENETIC METHODS WITH CONGRUENCE (1995) (553)
Predicting the evolution of human influenza A. (1999) (518)
Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of feline immunodeficiency virus. (1989) (400)
Long term trends in the evolution of H(3) HA1 human influenza type A. (1997) (383)
On the Problem of Discovering the Most Parsimonious Tree (1977) (356)
Positive selection on the H3 hemagglutinin gene of human influenza virus A. (1999) (327)
Positive Darwinian evolution in human influenza A viruses. (1991) (325)
An improved method for determining codon variability in a gene and its application to the rate of fixation of mutations in evolution (1970) (309)
An improved method of testing for evolutionary homology. (1966) (286)
Correlations among amino acid sites in bHLH protein domains: an information theoretic analysis. (2000) (268)
An examination of the constancy of the rate of molecular evolution (2005) (268)
Evolution of human influenza A viruses over 50 years: rapid, uniform rate of change in NS gene. (1986) (259)
Influenza B virus evolution: co-circulating lineages and comparison of evolutionary pattern with those of influenza A and C viruses. (1988) (229)
Covalent structure of human haptoglobin: a serine protease homolog. (1980) (225)
“Homology” in proteins and nucleic acids: A terminology muddle and a way out of it (1987) (219)
Optimal sequence alignments. (1983) (206)
Comparative analysis of multiple protein-sequence alignment methods. (1994) (199)
Random sequences. (1983) (190)
The phylogeny of tRNA sequences provides evidence for ambiguity reduction in the origin of the genetic code. (1987) (181)
Evolution of antibiotic resistance genes: the DNA sequence of a kanamycin resistance gene from Staphylococcus aureus. (1983) (178)
A statistical phylogeography of influenza A H5N1 (2007) (168)
Gene trees and the origins of inbred strains of mice. (1991) (160)
Evolution of pig influenza viruses. (1991) (150)
Comparative biosequence metrics (2005) (149)
Insertion sequence-related genetic variation in resting Escherichia coli K-12. (1994) (146)
Phylogenies constrained by the crossover process as illustrated by human hemoglobins and a thirteen-cycle, eleven-amino-acid repeat in human apolipoprotein A-I. (1977) (130)
Evolutionary relationships of vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase isozymes A4 (muscle), B4 (heart), and C4 (testis). (1983) (129)
Testing the covarion hypothesis of molecular evolution. (1995) (124)
Phylogenetic relationship of the nonstructural (NS) genes of influenza A viruses. (1991) (121)
European swine virus as a possible source for the next influenza pandemic? (1995) (120)
Phylodynamic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Distinct Brain Compartments Provides a Model for the Neuropathogenesis of AIDS (2005) (102)
Dynamics of IS-related genetic rearrangements in resting Escherichia coli K-12. (1995) (99)
Evolution in inbred strains of mice appears rapid. (1985) (99)
Phylogeny determination using dynamically weighted parsimony method. (1990) (98)
Aspects of molecular evolution. (1973) (96)
Epidemiology of influenza C virus in man: multiple evolutionary lineages and low rate of change. (1986) (94)
Evidence suggesting a non-random character to nucleotide replacements in naturally occurring mutations. (1967) (92)
Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoproteins suggests that human influenza A viruses emerged from a 19th-century avian ancestor. (1990) (92)
Evidence from nuclear sequences that invariable sites should be considered when sequence divergence is calculated. (1989) (92)
Rate of change of concomitantly variable codons (2005) (91)
Punctuated equilibrium and positive Darwinian evolution in vesicular stomatitis virus. (1993) (91)
Effects of passage history and sampling bias on phylogenetic reconstruction of human influenza A evolution. (2000) (89)
A method for estimating the number of invariant amino acid coding positions in a gene using cytochrome c as a model case (1967) (89)
Molecular evolution of pancreatic-type ribonucleases. (1986) (84)
Molecular evolution of the MyoD family of transcription factors. (1994) (84)
Correcting parsimonious trees for unseen nucleotide substitutions: the effect of dense branching as exemplified by ribonuclease. (1990) (83)
Primary structure of cholera toxin beta-chain: a glycoprotein hormone analog? (1977) (77)
The evolution of prokaryotic ferredoxins--with a general method correcting for unobserved substitutions in less branched lineages. (1987) (76)
Further improvements in the method of testing for evolutionary homology among proteins. (1970) (75)
Phylogenetic analysis of the outer-membrane-protein genes of Chlamydiae, and its implication for vaccine development. (1993) (74)
Myc and Max: molecular evolution of a family of proto-oncogene products and their dimerization partner. (1995) (73)
Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, 1972. (1973) (68)
The relation between frequencies of amino acids and ordered trinucleotides. (1966) (66)
Chemistry in Botanical Classification. (1977) (62)
Evidence suggesting a partial, internal duplication in the ancestral gene for heme-containing globins. (1966) (61)
Evolutionary relationships of lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) from mammals, birds, an amphibian, fish, barley, and bacteria: LDH cDNA sequences from Xenopus, pig, and rat. (1994) (60)
Ecological factors rather than temporal factors dominate the evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus. (1996) (59)
EVOLUTIONARY VARIABILITY OF CYTOCHROME C PRIMARY STRUCTURES (1968) (59)
Different Epidemic Potentials of the HIV-1B and C Subtypes (2005) (59)
Evolutionary selection for perfect hairpin structures in viral DNAs (1982) (59)
Influenza A H5N1 Immigration Is Filtered Out at Some International Borders (2008) (57)
Mapping the order of DNA restriction fragments. (1983) (56)
A non-sequential method for constructing trees and hierarchical classifications (2005) (54)
The estimate of total nucleotide substitutions from pairwise differences is biased. (1986) (54)
Analysis of influenza A virus nucleoproteins for the assessment of molecular genetic mechanisms leading to new phylogenetic virus lineages (2005) (54)
Genetics and the origin of species: an introduction. (1997) (53)
Protein evolution and the molecular clock. (1976) (52)
Finding the Minimal Change in a Given Tree (1990) (51)
Glycoprotein evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey. (1989) (50)
Cautionary Remarks on Using Gene Expression Events in Parsimony Procedures (1979) (50)
Networks and viral evolution (2009) (49)
Phosphoprotein and nucleocapsid protein evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey (1990) (48)
Uses for evolutionary trees. (1995) (48)
The molecular evolution of cytochrome c in eukaryotes (1976) (47)
Biological and genetic evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of human influenza A viruses. (1989) (45)
THE CHALLENGES TO DARWINISM SINCE THE LAST CENTENNIAL AND THE IMPACT OF MOLECULAR STUDIES (1982) (45)
The superoxide dismutase molecular clock revisited. (1994) (45)
Tempo and mode in evolution : genetics and paleontology 50 years after Simpson (1995) (44)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Sequence Characteristics and Evolutionary Rate Estimate from Maximum Likelihood Analysis (2004) (43)
The Wilhelmine E. Key 1999 Invitational lecture. Predicting the evolution of human influenza A. (2000) (42)
Derivation of the nucleoproteins (NP) of influenza A viruses isolated from marine mammals. (1990) (42)
The Properties and Amino-acid Sequence of Cytochrome c from Euglena gracilis (1973) (42)
Proterozoic and Early Cambrian Protists: Evidence for Accelerating Evolutionary Tempo (1995) (42)
An examination of the expected degree of sequence similarity that might arise in proteins that have converged to similar conformational states. The impact of such expectations on the search for homology between the structurally similar domains of rhodanese. (1981) (40)
Phylogenetic analysis of the nef gene reveals a distinctive monophyletic clade in Korean HIV-1 cases. (1998) (37)
12. Cladistic and Other Methods: Problems, Pitfalls, and Potentials (1984) (37)
Protein Structure and Evolution (1976) (35)
Constraints on protein evolution and the age of the eubacteria/eukaryote split. (1996) (35)
The information content of protein amino acid sequences. (1974) (34)
Genetic affinities of inbred mouse strains of uncertain origin. (1993) (33)
The phylogenic relationships of some Indian tribes of Central and South America. (1969) (33)
Estimating the total number of nucleotide substitutions since the common ancestor of a pair of homologous genes: Comparison of several methods and three beta hemoglobin messenger RNA's (1980) (33)
The variety of human virus evolution. (1996) (31)
Amino acid sequence of cytochrome c from Tetrahymena pyriformis Phenoset A. (1976) (30)
Genetic relatedness of the nucleoprotein (NP) of recent swine, turkey, and human influenza A virus (H1N1) isolates. (1992) (30)
Evolutionary Rates in Proteins: Neutral Mutations and the Molecular Clock (1976) (30)
Variation and evolution in plants and microorganisms: toward a new synthesis 50 years after Stebbins. (2000) (28)
Avian retrovirus pp32 DNA binding protein. Preferential binding to the promoter region of long terminal repeat DNA. (1984) (28)
Amino acid sequences of lower vertebrate parvalbumins and their evolution: parvalbumins of boa, turtle, and salamander. (1984) (27)
Dating the cenancester of organisms. (1996) (27)
The construction of phylogenetic trees. II. How well do they reflect past history? (1968) (25)
Is there selection against wobble in codon-anticodon pairing? (1976) (25)
The nonidentity of invariable positions in the cytochromes c of different species (1971) (23)
Locating gaps in amino acid sequences to optimize the homology between two proteins (1969) (22)
Tempo, Mode, the Progenote, and the Universal Root (1995) (21)
Evolutionary trees with minimum nucleotide replacements from amino acid sequences (2005) (21)
Isolation and amino acid sequence of a monomeric hemoglobin in heart muscle of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. (1982) (20)
Exon-specific gene correction (conversion) during short evolutionary periods: homogenization in a two-gene family encoding the beta-chain constant region of the T-lymphocyte antigen receptor. (1992) (20)
The molecular evolution of pancreatic ribonuclease (1977) (20)
An estimation of the number of invariable sites is necessary for the accurate estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions since a common ancestor. (1986) (20)
The large extent of putative secondary nucleic acid structure in random nucleotide sequences or amino acid derived messenger-RNA (2005) (18)
Amino acid sequence of a myoglobin from lace monitor lizard, Varanus varius, and its evolutionary implications. (1981) (17)
Modern evolution of a single-copy gene: the immunoglobulin C kappa locus in wild mice. (1988) (16)
Evolution of clupeine Z, a probable crossover product. (1971) (15)
The Phyletic Interpretation of Macromolecular Sequence Information: Simple Methods (1977) (15)
Amino acid sequence of a cytochrome c from the common Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus. (1973) (15)
A method for estimating the probability that a specific frameshift mutation was selected in the course of evolution. (1970) (15)
Systematics and the origin of species: An introduction (2005) (14)
Recent evolutionary divergence of plasma prekallikrein and factor XI. (1986) (14)
Molecular expression of evolutinary phenomena in the primary and tertiary structures of cytochrome c. (1968) (14)
Calculating the expected frequencies of potential secondary structure in nucleic acids as a function of stem length, loop size, base composition and nearest-neighbor frequencies (1983) (13)
British Sea-Weeds: (2010) (13)
Is the fixation of observable mutations distributed randomly among the three nucleotide positions of the codon? (2005) (12)
FUNCTIONAL LIMITS OF CYTOCHROME c VARIABILITY (1972) (11)
A COMPARISON BETWEEN EVOLUTIONARY SUBSTITUTIONS AND VARIANTS IN HUMAN HEMOGLOBINS * (1974) (11)
Tempo and Mode in the Macroevolutionary Reconstruction of Darwinism (1995) (11)
Dating the Cenancester of Organisms (1996) (10)
IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMAL LENGTH TREES (1982) (10)
Amino acid composition of some T phages. (1965) (10)
Detecting internally repeated sequences and inferring the history of duplication. (1986) (9)
THE PROBABLE SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES IN SOME CODONS. (1964) (9)
Phylogeny of plasmodium falciparum. (1992) (8)
Amino acid sequence of a myoglobin isolated from map turtle, Graptemys geographica. (1981) (8)
Phylogenies from amino acid sequences aligned with gaps: The problem of gap weighting (1975) (6)
Modern Evolution of a Single-Copy Gene : The Immunoglobulin C , Locus in Wild Mice 1 (1998) (6)
Evolutionary Biology and The (6)
Predicting influenza evolution: the impact of terminal and egg-adapted mutations (2001) (6)
A HIDDEN BIAS IN THE ESTIMATE OF TOTAL NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTIONS FROM PAIRWISE DIFFERENCES (1986) (6)
Does the fixation of neutral mutations form a significant part of observed evolution in proteins? (1972) (5)
The biological significance of G-T/G-U mispairing in nucleic acid secondary structure. (1985) (5)
Phylogenetic inference under the pure drift model. (1994) (4)
AMINO ACID SEQUENCES OF TWO PARVALBUMINS FROM ELECTRIC EEL (ELECTROPHORUS ELECTRICUS) (1985) (4)
Amino-acid sequences of different species as source of information about mutation mechanisms (2004) (4)
An introduction to molecular biology for mathematicians and computer programmers (1998) (4)
Degeneracy when DNA codes for overlapping genes (1980) (4)
Phylogeny from Function: The Origin of tRNA Is in Replication, not Translation (1995) (4)
The Three Failures of Creationism: Logic, Rhetoric, and Science (2012) (3)
AMINO ACID SEQUENCES AND PHYLOGENY (1971) (3)
Considerations regarding the regulation of gene transcription and messenger translation (1972) (3)
Explaining Low Levels of DNA Sequence Variation in Regions of the Drosophila Genome with Low Recombination Rates (1995) (3)
Complete amino acid sequence of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) cytochrome c. (1977) (3)
Are human hemoglobin variants distributed randomly among the positions? (2005) (3)
A simple method for the analysis of pyrimidine tract data. (1977) (3)
Infectious diseases and the golden age of phylogenetics: an E-debate. (2001) (3)
Reply to Egel (2000) (2)
Hypercycling across the evolutionary countryside Molecular theory of evolution. By Bérnd-Olaf Küppers. New York: Springer-Verlag. (1983). 321 pp. $32.00 (1983) (2)
British sea-weeds : an introduction to the study of the marine algae of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands / by Samuel Octavus Gray. (2)
Antibody diversity. (1971) (2)
The Fourteenth Annual Numerical Taxonomy Conference (1981) (2)
Estimating the Probabilities of Runs of Identical Events Within Biological Sequences (1998) (2)
Dating the cenancester of organisms. (1996) (2)
Steiner's problem in double trees (2002) (2)
Theoretical evidence for the significance of certain types of DNA secondary structure in the genomes of phi X174, G4, fd, SV40 and the plasmid pBR322. (1981) (2)
The old REH theory remains unsatisfactory and the new REH theory is problematical - a reply to holmquist and jukes (2005) (2)
Optimal sequence alignments ( chicken hemoglobin / homology-analogy / distance similarity / gap weighting / Sellers , Needleman-Wunsch algorithms ) (2)
Response to the Paper of Dr. Moore (1974) (2)
Listening to viral tongues: comparing viral trees using a stochastic context-free grammar. (2005) (1)
Molecular clocks are not as bad as you think. (1994) (1)
Evolutionary variability in hemoglobins. (1972) (1)
Evolving journal (1985) (1)
Examples, please (1988) (1)
The deduction of messenger RNA sequences from amino acid sequences is, to date, a total failure. (1976) (1)
Rapid mutations in mice? (1985) (1)
The Evolution of the Bioenergetic Processes, E. Broda. Pergamon Press, Heidelberg (1975), £8.30 (US$20.-) (211 pages) (1976) (1)
a colloquium entiled " Tempo and Mode in Evoluton " organized by Walter (0)
The Proterozoic Biosphere: Molecular Phylogenetics, Molecular Paleontology, and the Proterozoic Fossil Record (1992) (0)
Estimating the total number of nucleotide substitutions since the common anchestor of a pair of homologous genes: Comparison of several methods and three beta hemoglobin messenger RNA's (2005) (0)
Alignment of base sequences (1984) (0)
A mixed bag (1994) (0)
Phosphoprotein andNucleocapsid Protein Evolution ofVesicular Stomatitis VirusNewJersey (1990) (0)
Book Review:Computational Molecular Biology: Sources and Methods for Sequence Analysis Arthur M. Lesk (1990) (0)
Theoretical is Too Mathematical (1983) (0)
Frog Heart Monomeric Hemoglobin (1982) (0)
The origins of life and evolution. MBL lectures in biology, 1 Edited by H. O. Halvorson and K. E. Van Holde. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. (1980). 140 pp., $16.00 (1981) (0)
This paper was presented at a colloquium entiled " Tempo and Mode in Evoluton " organized (0)
1. Logic, Logical Fallacies, and Rhetoric (2019) (0)
The evolution of primate malari encoding cytochrome b from the (1998) (0)
Molecular Evolution of Pancreatic-Type Ribonuclease&* (1998) (0)
Editorial help (2004) (0)
Evolution of the hemagglutinin of Type B Human Influenza Virus 27 August , 2001 (0)
Obituary: Walter Fitch and the orthology paradigm (2011) (0)
Disparate Rates, Differing Fates: Tempo and Mode of Evolutionm Changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic (1995) (0)
Of urfs and orfs: A primer on how to analyze derived amino acid sequences: By R. F. Doolittle. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books.★ (1986). 103 pp. $14.00 (1987) (0)
Comparative biosequence metrics (2005) (0)
4. “Young- Earth” Creationism (2019) (0)
Comparative biochemistry, molecular evolution, volume 29A in the series comprehensive biochemistry: edited by M. Florkin and E. H. Stotz. Pp. 328. (American Elsevier: New York). $34.60 (1974) (0)
2. The Basics (2019) (0)
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Session of the Virology Section of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Marburg, February 23-25, 1989 (1989) (0)
Response to Bonhomme et al. (1987) (0)
Colloquium Paper : Fitch and Ayala Superoxide Dismutase (0)
The evolution of the bioenergetic processes:by E. Broda, published by Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York, 1975. £8.30 (US$20.-) (211 pages) (1976) (0)
Considerations regarding the regulation of gene transcription and messenger translation. (1971) (0)
Divergent usage (1981) (0)
The restriction of codon ambiguity on the basis of known variants (1977) (0)
Annotated Reference List (2019) (0)
Book Review:The Proteins. Volume IV. Hans Neurath, Robert L. Hill (1981) (0)

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