#2951
Philip Drucker
1911 - 1982 (71 years)
Philip Drucker was an American anthropologist and archaeologist who specialized in the Native American peoples of the Northwest Coast of North America. He also played an important part in the early excavations under Matthew Stirling of the Smithsonian of the Olmec culture in Mexico, especially the site of La Venta.
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James Henry Breasted
1865 - 1935 (70 years)
James Henry Breasted was an American archaeologist, Egyptologist, and historian. After completing his PhD at the University of Berlin in 1894, he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago. In 1901 he became director of the Haskell Oriental Museum at the university, where he continued to concentrate on Egypt. In 1905 Breasted was promoted to full professor, and held the first chair in Egyptology and Oriental History in the United States.
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Gilbert Livingston Wilson
1869 - 1930 (61 years)
Gilbert Livingston Wilson was an American ethnographer and a Presbyterian minister. He and his brother recorded the lives of three Hidatsa family members; Buffalo Bird Woman, her brother Henry Wolf Chief, and her son Edward Goodbird. Wilson's extensive and detailed writings remain an important source of information for historians and anthropologists, as well as the Hidatsa people.
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John Marshall
1876 - 1958 (82 years)
Sir John Hubert Marshall was an English archaeologist who was Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. He oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, two of the main cities that comprise the Indus Valley Civilisation.
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Paul Arndt
1865 - 1937 (72 years)
Paul Julius Arndt was a German classical archaeologist born in Dresden. He studied classical art under Johannes Overbeck at the University of Leipzig, and classical archeology with Heinrich Brunn at the University of Munich. In 1887 he graduated with a dissertation on Greek vases, afterwards working as an assistant to Heinrich Brunn in Munich. Following Brunn's death in 1894, Arndt became an assistant to Adolf Furtwängler , and was responsible for edition of "Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Skulptur".
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Hermann Volrath Hilprecht
1859 - 1925 (66 years)
Hermann Volrath Hilprecht was a German-American Assyriologist and archaeologist. Biography Hilprecht was born in 1859 at Hohenerxleben , Kingdom of Prussia. He graduated from Herzogliches Gymnasium at Bernburg in 1880. Afterwards he went on to the University of Leipzig where he studied theology, philology, and law. In 1882, he spent two months in the British Museum studying cuneiform literature. He received his Ph.D. from Leipzig in 1883. He then spent two years in Switzerland for his health. From 1885 to 1886 he became an instructor in Old Testament theology at the University of Erlangen. ...
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Paul Hambruch
1882 - 1933 (51 years)
Paul Hambruch was a German ethnologist and folklorist. Biography He studied natural sciences, chemistry and mathematics at the University of Göttingen and geography, anthropology and ethnology in Berlin, where his instructors were Ferdinand von Richthofen and Felix von Luschan. In 1904 he began work as an assistant at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin. By way of a request from the Jaluit Gesellschaft, he traveled to Nauru in an effort to fight a disease affecting coconuts.
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E. O. James
1886 - 1972 (86 years)
Edwin Oliver James was an anthropologist in the field of comparative religion. He was Professor Emeritus of the History and Philosophy of Religion in the University of London, Fellow of University College London and Fellow of King's College London. During his long career he had been Professor of History and Philosophy of Religion at the University of Leeds, Lecturer at the University of Amsterdam and Wilde Lecturer at the University of Oxford.
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Kristian Schreiner
1874 - 1957 (83 years)
Kristian Schreiner was a Norwegian professor of medicine. He was born in Ekeberg as a son of wholesaler Christian Emil Schreiner and Bethy Gerhardine Bødtker . He was a relative of educator Emil Schreiner. In September 1900 he married Alette Falch. They had a son Johan Schreiner, and through another son Fredrik Schreiner they had the grandson Per Schreiner.
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Robert von Heine-Geldern
1885 - 1968 (83 years)
Robert Freiherr von Heine-Geldern , known after 1919 as Robert Heine-Geldern, was a noted Austrian ethnologist, ancient historian, and archaeologist, and a grandnephew of poet Heinrich Heine. Biography Heine-Geldern was born in Grub, Austria, and was a descendant of Gustav Heine von Geldern. He studied first at the University of Munich, then art history and ethnography under Father Wilhelm Schmidt at the University of Vienna. In 1910 he traveled to the India / Burma boundary to study local populations, completing his thesis in 1914 on The Mountain Tribes of Northeastern Burma.
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Alexander Cunningham
1814 - 1893 (79 years)
Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham was a British Army engineer with the Bengal Engineer Group who later took an interest in the history and archaeology of India. In 1861, he was appointed to the newly created position of archaeological surveyor to the government of India; and he founded and organised what later became the Archaeological Survey of India.
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William Mitchell Ramsay
1851 - 1939 (88 years)
Sir William Mitchell Ramsay FBA was a British archaeologist and New Testament scholar. By his death in 1939 he had become the foremost authority of his day on the history of Asia Minor and a leading scholar in the study of the New Testament.
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Fedir Vovk
1847 - 1918 (71 years)
Fedir Kindratovych Vovk also known as Khvedir Vovk was a Ukrainian anthropologist-archaeologist, the curator of the Alexander III Museum in St. Petersburg. Vovk graduated from Kyiv University in 1871. He was an active member of the Kyiv Hromada. From 1887 to 1905 he lived in Paris to escape tsarist persecution; he earned a Ph.D. in 1900, and won the Godard Prize for his dissertation. In 1905 he returned to Russia, where, along with his position at the Alexander III Museum, he held a lecturership at Saint Petersburg University. He was granted a professorship at Kiev University in 1917 but die...
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Auguste Mariette
1821 - 1881 (60 years)
François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette was a French scholar, archaeologist and Egyptologist, and the founder of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities, the forerunner of the Supreme Council of Antiquities.
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Erwin Bälz
1849 - 1913 (64 years)
Erwin Otto Eduard von Bälz , often simply known as Erwin Bälz without the noble "von" particle, was a German internist, anthropologist, and personal physician to the Japanese Imperial Family and cofounder of modern western medicine in Japan.
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Gisela Richter
1882 - 1972 (90 years)
Gisela Marie Augusta Richter was a British-American classical archaeologist and art historian. She was a prominent figure and an authority in her field. Early life Gisela Richter was born in London, England, the daughter of Jean Paul and Louise Richter. Both of her parents and her sister, Irma, were art historians specialised in Italian Renaissance. Richter was educated at Maida Vale School, one of the finest schools for women at the time. She decided to become a classical archaeologist while attending Emmanuel Loewy's lectures at the University of Rome around 1896. In 1901, she began attending Girton College at the University of Cambridge.
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George Bird Grinnell
1849 - 1938 (89 years)
George Bird Grinnell was an American anthropologist, historian, naturalist, and writer. Originally specializing in zoology, he became a prominent early conservationist and student of Native American life. Grinnell has been recognized for his influence on public opinion and work on legislation to preserve the American bison. Mount Grinnell in Glacier National Park in Montana is named after Grinnell.
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R. H. Barlow
1918 - 1951 (33 years)
Robert Hayward Barlow was an American author, avant-garde poet, anthropologist and historian of early Mexico, and expert in the Nahuatl language. He was a correspondent and friend of horror writer H. P. Lovecraft, who appointed Barlow as the executor of his literary estate.
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J. P. B. de Josselin de Jong
1886 - 1964 (78 years)
Jan Petrus Benjamin de Josselin de Jong was a founding father of modern Dutch anthropology and of structural anthropology at Leiden University. Biography In his early career, he was a museum curator. His area of specialty was Americann and Indonesian ethnography. He held two anthropology chairs at Leiden University, the first a chair in general ethnology ; the second a chair in general ethnology and Indonesian ethnography . His nephew, Patrick Edward de Josselin de Jong succeeded him on the second chair in 1957.
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Hermann Baumann
1902 - 1972 (70 years)
Hermann Baumann was an influential German Africa expert. In 1928, Baumann became editor-in-chief of the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Berlin, a post which he held until 1941. During the Third Reich, he was active as a government adviser, working on the eventual restoration of German colonies in Africa. After the war, he continued to work as a government adviser.
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Li Ji
1896 - 1979 (83 years)
Li Ji , also commonly romanized as Li Chi, was an influential Chinese archaeologist. He is considered to be one of the foremost figures in modern Chinese archaeology and his work was instrumental in proving the historical authenticity of the Shang Dynasty.
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Wilhelm Dörpfeld
1853 - 1940 (87 years)
Wilhelm Dörpfeld was a German architect and archaeologist, a pioneer of stratigraphic excavation and precise graphical documentation of archaeological projects. He is famous for his work on Bronze Age sites around the Mediterranean, such as Tiryns and Hisarlik , where he continued Heinrich Schliemann's excavations. Like Schliemann, Dörpfeld was an advocate of the historical reality of places mentioned in the works of Homer. While the details of his claims regarding locations mentioned in Homer's writings are not considered accurate by later archaeologists, his fundamental idea that they correspond to real places is accepted.
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Yervand Lalayan
1864 - 1931 (67 years)
Yervand Lalayan was an Armenian ethnographer, archaeologist, folklorist. He was also the founder and the first director of the History Museum of Armenia from 1919 to 1927. Biography In 1885 he left Tiflis's Nersisian School and worked in Akhaltsikhe, Akhalkalaki, and Alexandropol as a teacher. In 1894 ending the faculty of social sciences in the University of Geneva. Receiving the level of Candidate of sociological sciences, he worked for the Mkhitarians of Venice.
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Kazimierz Michałowski
1901 - 1981 (80 years)
Kazimierz Józef Marian Michałowski was a Polish archaeologist and Egyptologist, art historian, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, professor ordinarius of the University of Warsaw as well as the founder of the Polish school of Mediterranean archaeology and a precursor of Nubiology.
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Jacques de Mahieu
1915 - 1990 (75 years)
Jacques de Mahieu, whose real name was Jacques Girault, was a French Argentine anthropologist and Peronist. He wrote several books on esoterism, which he mixed with anthropological theories inspired by scientific racism.
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Čestmír Loukotka
1895 - 1966 (71 years)
Čestmír Loukotka was a Czechoslovak linguist and ethnologist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková. Career Loukotka proposed a classification for the languages of South America based on several previous works. This classification contained a lot of unpublished material and was therefore superior to all previous classifications. He divided the languages of South America and the Caribbean into 77 different families, based upon similarities of vocabulary and available lists. His classification of 1968 is the most influential and was based upon two previous schemes , which were similar to those pr...
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Karl Richard Lepsius
1810 - 1884 (74 years)
Karl Richard Lepsius was a pioneering Prussian Egyptologist, linguist and modern archaeologist. He is widely known for his magnum opus Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien. Early life Karl Richard Lepsius was the son of Karl Peter Lepsius, a classical scholar from Naumburg, and his wife Friederike , who was the daughter of composer Carl Ludwig Traugott Gläser. The family name was originally "Leps" and had been Latinized to "Lepsius" by Karl's paternal great-grandfather Peter Christoph Lepsius. He was born in Naumburg on the Saale, Saxony.
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Carl Bovallius
1849 - 1907 (58 years)
Carl Erik Alexander Bovallius was a Swedish biologist and archaeologist. Biography Carl Bovallius was born at Stockholm, Sweden. He was the son of Robert Mauritz Bowallius . His father was a historian and National Archivist 1874–1882.
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Heinrich Schurtz
1863 - 1903 (40 years)
Heinrich Schurtz was a German ethnologist and historian. His most significant work is said to be Altersklassen und Männerbünde which emphasized the role gender and generational issues have in social institutions and argued that basing the society on the family was a step backwards. His notion of Männerbünde placed male associations, where he deemed masculinity more "unfettered", in opposition to the family which he saw as dominated by women. Notions of Männerbünde, though not just Schurtz's, would have an influence on Nazi Germany's SS while in a very different way his ideas on same-sex bond...
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Ernst Platner
1744 - 1818 (74 years)
Ernst Platner was a German anthropologist, physician and Rationalist philosopher, born in Leipzig. He was the father of painter Ernst Zacharias Platner . Life Following the death of his father in 1747, the philologist Johann August Ernesti became his foster father. He received his early education at the gymnasium in Altenburg, the Thomasschule in Leipzig and at the gymnasium in Gera. Afterwards, he studied at the University of Leipzig, where in 1770 he became an associate professor of medicine. Later at Leipzig, he was appointed a full professor of physiology and philosophy . In 1783/84 and ...
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Teofil Żebrawski
1800 - 1887 (87 years)
Teofil Wincenty Żebrawski was a Polish mathematician, bibliographer, architect, biologist, archeologist, cartographer and geodesist; an erudite and polymath. Pioneer of the modern Polish mathematical bibliography.
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William Curry Holden
1896 - 1993 (97 years)
William Curry Holden was an American historian and archaeologist. In 1937, he became the first director of the Museum of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas. Early years, education, military Holden was one of three sons born to Robert Lee Holden and Grace Holden née Davis in Coolidge, Texas. Both families moved west to Colorado City, Texas, and after 1907 the Holdens farmed near Rotan, Texas, where William completed high school in 1914.
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Johanna Mestorf
1828 - 1909 (81 years)
Johanna Mestorf was a German prehistoric archaeologist, the first female museum director in the Kingdom of Prussia and usually said to be the first female professor in Germany. Life and career Johanna was the youngest of four surviving children of the physician and antiquarian Jacob Heinrich Mestorf and his wife Sophia Katharina Georgine, née Körner. When he died in 1837, she moved with her mother to Itzehoe, where she attended the Blöcker Institute upper school for girls. In 1849 she went to Sweden as a governess to the family of Count Piper at Ängsö Castle, and there also studied Scandinavian languages.
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Martha Warren Beckwith
1871 - 1959 (88 years)
Martha Warren Beckwith was an American folklorist and ethnographer who was the first chair in folklore at any university or college in the U.S. Early life and education Beckwith was born in Wellesley Heights, Massachusetts to George Ely and Harriet Winslow Beckwith, both schoolteachers, before the family moved to Maui, Hawaii, where they had relatives descended from early missionaries. There, Beckwith made friends with many locals including members of the wealthy Alexander family who later sponsored her folklore work, and she developed an early interest in Hawaiian folk dancing.
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Hugo Obermaier
1877 - 1946 (69 years)
Hugo Obermaier was a distinguished Spanish-German prehistorian and anthropologist who taught at various European centres of learning. Although he was born in Germany, he was later naturalized as a Spanish citizen in 1924. He is particularly associated with his work on the diffusion of mankind in Europe during the Ice Age, and in connection with north Spanish cave art, and resisted placing his science at the disposal of nationalistic and racialist interests in the Germany of the 1930s.
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Pierre Huard
1901 - 1983 (82 years)
Pierre Huard was a French physician , historian of medicine and anthropologist, long in post in Indochina, dean of several faculties of medicine , rector of the Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, a pioneer in the history of medicine.
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Max Mallowan
1904 - 1978 (74 years)
Sir Max Edgar Lucien Mallowan was a prominent British archaeologist, specialising in ancient Middle Eastern history. He was the second husband of Dame Agatha Christie. Life and work Born Edgar Mallowan in Wandsworth on 6 May 1904, he was the son of Frederick Mallowan and his wife Marguerite , whose mother was mezzo-soprano Marthe Duvivier. His father's family was from Austria. He was educated at Rokeby School and Lancing College and studied classics at New College, Oxford.
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Wilhelm Unverzagt
1892 - 1971 (79 years)
Wilhelm Unverzagt was a German prehistorian and archaeologist. Education and First World War Born in Wiesbaden, Rhenish Hesse, Unverzagt studied classical philology, archaeology, and geography at the universities of Bonn, Munich, and Berlin between 1911 and 1914. As a student, he became a member of the Christian student associations Bonner Wingolf and Munich Wingolf.
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George Andrew Reisner
1867 - 1942 (75 years)
George Andrew Reisner Jr. was an American archaeologist of Ancient Egypt, Nubia and Palestine. Biography Reisner was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. His parents were George Andrew Reisner I and Mary Elizabeth Mason. His father's parents were of German descent. Reisner gained B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University, before becoming a travelling fellow.
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August Böckh
1785 - 1867 (82 years)
August Böckh or Boeckh was a German classical scholar and antiquarian. Life He was born in Karlsruhe, and educated at the local gymnasium; in 1803 he left for the University of Halle, where he studied theology. F. A. Wolf was teaching there, and creating an enthusiasm for classical studies; Böckh transferred from theology to philology, and became the best of Wolf's scholars.
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Christoph Theodor Aeby
1835 - 1885 (50 years)
Christoph Theodor Aeby was a Swiss anatomist, anthropologist, and academic. His main scientific interest comparative anatomy and his studies were said to be facilitated by a large collection of bones, which he assembled in Bern. He is particularly noted for his work on the bronchial tree, which was published as a monograph in 1880. Through his work, a term in anthropology was named after him - the "Aeby's plane", which pertains to the plane through the nasion and brasion.
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Julius Kollmann
1834 - 1918 (84 years)
Julius Kollmann was a German anatomist, zoologist and anthropologist. He studied at the universities of Munich and Berlin, then furthered his education in London and Paris. In 1859 he received his doctorate, qualifying as lecturer at Munich in 1862. Beginning in 1878, he served as a full professor of anatomy at the University of Basel. In 1888 he was chosen as university rector.
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Xia Nai
1910 - 1985 (75 years)
Xia Nai was a pioneering Chinese archaeologist. He was born in Wenzhou, southern Zhejiang province. He was the second son of Xia Yuyi who was a wealthy farmer. Xia was given the first name of Guodong but later requested to be named Nai and styled himself as Ming when he became an intellectual upon secondary education. He majored in Economic History at Tsinghua University in Beijing , winning a scholarship to study abroad. On advice from his mentor Li Ji, he went to University College London and studied Egyptology, earning a doctorate that was finally awarded to him in 1946. In the meantim...
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Philip Phillips
1900 - 1994 (94 years)
Philip Phillips was an influential archaeologist in the United States during the 20th century. Although his first graduate work was in architecture, he later received a doctorate from Harvard University under advisor Alfred Marston Tozzer. His first archaeological experiences were on Iroquois sites, but he specialized in the Mississippian culture, especially its Lower Mississippi Valley incarnation.
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Barbara E. Ward
1919 - 1983 (64 years)
Barbara E. Ward was a British social anthropologist and academic, who specialised in Chinese society. Life Ward was born in 1919. She studied history at Newnham College, an all-women's college of the University of Cambridge. She then attended the University of London, where she gained a diploma in education in 1942. For the next five years she taught in England and West Africa. While teaching in Ghana, she became interested in social anthropology. In 1949, she completed a master's degree from the London School of Economics having studied the Ewe speaking people of Ghana.
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Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1717 - 1768 (51 years)
Johann Joachim Winckelmann was a German art historian and archaeologist. He was a pioneering Hellenist who first articulated the differences between Greek, Greco-Roman and Roman art. "The prophet and founding hero of modern archaeology", Winckelmann was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the history of art. Many consider him the father of the discipline of art history. He was one of the first to separate Greek Art into periods, and time classifications.
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Charles E. Snow
1910 - 1967 (57 years)
Charles Ernest Snow was an American anthropologist. Career Born in Boulder, Colorado, Snow attended the University of Colorado and Harvard University. He assisted in a Bureau of Home Economics study examining growth patterns in young children. He then worked on an archaeological project with the Tennessee Valley Authority under William Snyder Webb; after the beginning of the Second World War ended the project, Webb hired Snow at the University of Kentucky Museum, and later in the anthropology and anatomy departments. The two co-wrote The Adena People, "one of the major publications one eastern United States archaeology" at the time.
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Francisc Rainer
1874 - 1944 (70 years)
Francisc Iosif Rainer was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian pathologist, physiologist and anthropologist. From an immigrant family, he earned early recognition for his experimental work in anatomy, and helped reform Romanian medical science. He spent much of his youth training himself in anatomical pathology and the various areas of natural science, gaining direct experience as a microbiologist, surgeon, and military physician. With teaching positions at the University of Iași and the University of Bucharest, where he established specialized sections, Rainer became a noted promoter of science and an innovator in his field.
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T. T. Waterman
1885 - 1936 (51 years)
Thomas Talbot Waterman was an American anthropologist. Early life Waterman was born in Hamilton, Missouri, and raised in Fresno, California. Education Waterman matriculated University of California, Berkeley in Hebrew, later at Columbia University, New York completed a Ph.D. in Anthropology.
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