The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
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List of the most influential people in Biology,
#16401
Anton Kerner von Marilaun
1831 - 1898 (67 years)
Anton Kerner Ritter von Marilaun, or Anton Joseph Kerner, was an Austrian botanist and professor at the University of Vienna. Career Kerner was born in Mautern, Lower Austria, and studied medicine in Vienna followed by an education in natural history, for which he carried out phytosociologic studies in Central Europe. In 1858 Kerner was appointed professor of botany at the Polytechnic Institute at Buda, and then in 1860 was appointed professor of natural history at the University of Innsbruck. He resigned the latter position in 1878 to become professor of systematic botany at the University of Vienna, and also curator of the botanical garden there.
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James Cossar Ewart
1851 - 1933 (82 years)
James Cossar Ewart FRS FRSE was a Scottish zoologist. He performed breeding experiments with horses and zebras which disproved earlier theories of heredity. Life Ewart was born in Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, the son of Jean Cossar and John Ewart, a joiner. He studied medicine from 1871 to 1874 at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated with an MB ChB. After graduation, he became an anatomy demonstrator under William Turner and then held the position of Curator of the Zoological Museum at University College, London, where he assisted Ray Lankester by making zoological preparations for the museum and providing teaching support for Lankester's course in practical zoology.
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Bruno Hofer
1861 - 1916 (55 years)
Bruno Hofer was a German fishery scientist, credited with being the founder of fish pathology. Career Hofer was born in Rhein in the Province of Prussia in 1861. He studied natural sciences at the University of Königsberg, receiving his doctorate in 1887 in Munich as a student of Richard Hertwig. He then worked as an assistant at the Zoological Institute of Munich, and in 1889 obtained his habilitation. He obtained a position at the Zoological Institute as a university lecturer and in 1891 acquired citizenship of the Kingdom of Bavaria. In 1894 he was appointed as a curator of the Zoologische...
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Jan Ingenhousz
1730 - 1799 (69 years)
Jan Ingenhousz or Ingen-Housz FRS was a Dutch-born British physiologist, biologist and chemist. He is best known for discovering photosynthesis by showing that light is essential to the process by which green plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. He also discovered that plants, like animals, have cellular respiration. In his lifetime he was known for successfully inoculating the members of the Habsburg family in Vienna against smallpox in 1768 and subsequently being the private counsellor and personal physician to the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa.
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Harry Seeley
1839 - 1909 (70 years)
Harry Govier Seeley was a British paleontologist. Early life Seeley was born in London on 18 February 1839, the second son of Richard Hovill Seeley, a goldsmith, and his second wife Mary Govier. When his father was declared bankrupt, Seeley was sent to live with a family of piano makers. Between the ages of eleven and fourteen, he went to a day school and then spent the next two years learning to make pianos. He also attended lectures at the Royal School of Mines by Thomas Henry Huxley, Edward Forbes, and other notable scientists. In 1855, with the support of his uncle, Seeley began to study law but shortly gave it up to pursue a career as an actuary.
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Samuel Frederick Gray
1766 - 1828 (62 years)
Samuel Frederick Gray was a British botanist, mycologist, and pharmacologist. He was the father of the zoologists John Edward Gray and George Robert Gray. Background He was the son of Samuel Gray, a London seedsman. He received no inheritance and, after failing to qualify for medicine, turned to medical and botanical writing. He married Elizabeth Forfeit in 1794 and moved to Walsall, Staffordshire, where he established an assay office before he moved back to London in 1800.
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Ioan Borcea
1879 - 1936 (57 years)
Ioan Borcea was a Romanian zoologist. Born in Buhoci, Bacău County, he entered secondary school at the National College in Iași before going on to the Costache Negruzzi Boarding High School, from which he graduated in 1897. He then entered the natural sciences section of Iași University's sciences faculty, graduating in 1900. Initially a teaching assistant in the animal morphology department, Borcea received a scholarship to study in France the following year. In 1903, he obtained an undergraduate degree from the natural sciences faculty of the Sorbonne. In 1905, the same institution awarded him a doctorate; his thesis dealt with the genitourinary system of the Elasmobranchii.
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Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker
1828 - 1895 (67 years)
Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker was a German zoologist, entomologist and professor at the University of Berlin and then the University of Greifswald. Biography Gerstaecker was born in Berlin, where he studied medicine and natural sciences, receiving his PhD in 1855 as a student of Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug. In 1856 he obtained his habilitation for zoology, and soon afterwards, became a curator at the Zoological Museum of Humboldt University. In 1864 he began work as a lecturer at the Landwirtschaftlichen Lehranstalt in Berlin. In 1874 he became an associate professor for zoology at the University of Berlin, and in 1876, a professor of zoology at the University of Greifswald.
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Oakes Ames
1874 - 1950 (76 years)
Oakes Ames was an American biologist specializing in orchids. His estate is now the Borderland State Park in Massachusetts. He was the son of Governor of Massachusetts Oliver Ames and grandson of Congressman Oakes Ames.
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Karl Langer
1819 - 1887 (68 years)
Karl Langer, Ritter von Edenberg was an Austrian anatomist. He is known for his work in the field of topographical anatomy. He studied medicine at the Universities of Vienna and Prague, afterwards working as a prosector in Vienna under Joseph Hyrtl . In 1856 he became a professor at the Josephinum, later serving as director of the second institute of anatomy at the University of Vienna . In 1874 he succeeded Hyrtl as director of the first institute of anatomy. With Christian August Voigt , he was tasked with planning for construction of a new Viennese anatomical institute.
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John Anderson
1833 - 1900 (67 years)
John Anderson was a Scottish anatomist and zoologist who worked in India as the curator of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Early life Anderson was born in Edinburgh, the second son of Thomas Anderson, who worked in the National Bank of Scotland, and his wife Jane Cleghorn. He took an interest in natural history at an early age as did his brother Thomas Anderson, who worked at the Royal Botanic Garden in Calcutta from 1861 to 1863. He went to school at George Square Academy and Hill Street Institution before joining work at the Bank of Scotland. He left the bank to study medicine, and graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1861.
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Robert Collett
1842 - 1913 (71 years)
Robert Collett was a Norwegian zoologist. Collett was director and curator of the Zoological Museum at University of Oslo. Robert Collett was born at Christiania , Norway. He was the eldest child of Professor Peter Jonas Collett and Camilla Collett . His maternal uncles included Oscar and Henrik Wergeland, and his paternal uncles included Peter Severin Steenstrup. He had three younger brothers, including the writer and historian, Alf Collett. He never married.
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Charles Reid Barnes
1858 - 1910 (52 years)
Charles Reid Barnes was an American botanist specializing in bryophytes . He was co-editor of the Botanical Gazette for over 25 years. Barnes was born at Madison, Indiana, September 7, 1858. He graduated from Hanover College in 1877, and afterward studied at Harvard University, where he became friends with Asa Gray. After teaching in public schools for a few years, he became professor of botany at Purdue University in 1882. In 1887 he was called to the University of Wisconsin, and for eleven years developed and maintained a vigorous department of botany in that institution. In 1898 he bec...
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Christian Ernst Stahl
1848 - 1919 (71 years)
Christian Ernst Stahl was a German botanist who was a native of Schiltigheim, Alsace. Academic career He studied botany at the University of Strasbourg with Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet , and at the University of Halle under Anton de Bary . He earned his doctorate in 1874, and later became an assistant to Julius von Sachs at the University of Würzburg. He was appointed an associate professor at the University of Strasbourg, and after just one year, he attained the chair of botany at the University of Jena in 1881. Here, he also served as director of the botanical garden.
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Earl Douglass
1862 - 1931 (69 years)
Earl Douglass was an American paleontologist who discovered the dinosaur Apatosaurus, playing a central role in one of the most important fossil finds in North America. By 1922 Earl had unearthed and shipped more than 700,000 pounds of material including nearly 20 complete skeletons of Jurassic dinosaurs such as Diplodocus, Dryosaurus, Stegosaurus, Barosaurus, Camarasaurus and Brontosaurus.
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Henry Augustus Pilsbry
1862 - 1957 (95 years)
Henry Augustus Pilsbry was an American biologist, malacologist and carcinologist, among other areas of study. He was a dominant presence in many fields of invertebrate taxonomy for the better part of a century. For much of his career, his authority with respect to the classification of certain substantial groups of organisms was unchallenged: barnacles, chitons, North American terrestrial mollusks, and others.
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Joseph Paxton
1804 - 1865 (61 years)
Sir Joseph Paxton was an English gardener, architect, engineer and Member of Parliament, best known for designing the Crystal Palace and for cultivating the Cavendish banana, the most consumed banana in the Western world.
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Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild
1868 - 1937 (69 years)
Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild, was a British banker, politician, zoologist and soldier, who was a member of the Rothschild family. As a Zionist leader, he was presented with the Balfour Declaration, which pledged British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. Rothschild was the president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews from 1925 to 1926.
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Fernandus Payne
1881 - 1977 (96 years)
Fernandus Payne was an American zoologist, geneticist and educator. Panye was born in Shelbyville, Indiana. He received a B.Sc. from Valparaiso University in 1901 and a B.A. from Indiana University in 1905, and a M.A. in 1906. He undertook graduate studies at Columbia University with Thomas Hunt Morgan, his research took place when the use of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was being established in Morgan's lab. One of Payne's projects was to breed flies in the dark, if a generation of blind flies was produced then a model of Lamarckism would be confirmed. After producing 69 generation of flies grown in the dark Payne failed to produce a blind fly.
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William Macewen
1848 - 1924 (76 years)
Sir William Macewen, was a Scottish surgeon. He was a pioneer in modern brain surgery, considered the father of neurosurgery and contributed to the development of bone graft surgery, the surgical treatment of hernia and of pneumonectomy .
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Walter Baldwin Spencer
1860 - 1929 (69 years)
Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer , commonly referred to as Baldwin Spencer, was a British-Australian evolutionary biologist, anthropologist and ethnologist. He is known for his fieldwork with Aboriginal peoples in Central Australia, contributions to the study of ethnography, and academic collaborations with Frank Gillen. Spencer introduced the study of zoology at the University of Melbourne and held the title of Emeritus Professor until his death in 1929. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1900 and knighted in 1916.
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Adolf Appellöf
1857 - 1921 (64 years)
Jakob Johan Adolf Appellöf was a Swedish marine zoologist. Appellöf matriculated at Uppsala University in 1877, earned his PhD in 1886 and became a docent of zoology in 1887. In 1889 he received the position of conservator at the Museum of Bergen in Bergen, Norway. He was appointed professor of comparative anatomy in Uppsala in 1910. With a donation from the sawmill magnate Bünsow, Appellöf established the Klubban Biological Station of Uppsala University, a station for the study of marine biology located on the west coast of Sweden. In 1919 he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy...
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Friedrich Schlemm
1795 - 1858 (63 years)
Friedrich Schlemm was a German anatomist who was professor at the University of Berlin. He was born in Salzgitter. As his family could not afford higher education, he was apprenticed to a barber-surgeon in Braunschweig. This gave him the opportunity to study anatomy and surgery at the local Anatomico-Surgical Institute. In 1821 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Berlin, and became Prosector at the university in 1823. In 1829 he became "professor extraordinary" of anatomy, and attained the title of "full professor" in 1833.
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Pieter Cramer
1721 - 1776 (55 years)
Pieter Cramer was a wealthy Dutch merchant in linen and Spanish wool, remembered as an entomologist. Cramer was the director of the Zealand Society, a scientific society located in Flushing, and a member of Concordia et Libertate, based in Amsterdam. This literary and patriotic society, where Cramer gave lectures on minerals, commissioned and/or financed the publishing of his book De uitlandsche Kapellen, on foreign butterflies, occurring in three parts of the world Asia, Africa and America.
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Andrew Jackson Downing
1815 - 1852 (37 years)
Andrew Jackson Downing was an American landscape designer, horticulturist, writer, prominent advocate of the Gothic Revival in the United States, and editor of The Horticulturist magazine . Downing is considered to be a founder of American landscape architecture.
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Ruggero Oddi
1864 - 1913 (49 years)
Ruggero Oddi was an Italian physiologist and anatomist who was a native of Perugia. He is most well known for the Sphincter of Oddi, which was named after him. Biography He studied medicine at Perugia, University of Bologna and Florence, and in 1894 was appointed head of the Physiology Institute at the University of Genoa. In 1900 he was relieved of his position at Genoa because of narcotics usage and fiscal improprieties. Later, he sought employment as a doctor with the Belgian colonial medical service, and spent some time working in the Belgian Congo. Oddi died on March 22, 1913, in Tunis,...
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Edward Tuckerman
1817 - 1886 (69 years)
Edward Tuckerman was an American botanist and professor who made significant contributions to the study of lichens and other alpine plants. He was a founding member of the Natural History Society of Boston and most of his career was spent at Amherst College. He did the majority of his collecting on the slopes of Mount Washington in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Tuckerman Ravine was named in his honor. The standard botanical author abbreviation Tuck. is applied to species he described.
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Ludwig von Buhl
1816 - 1880 (64 years)
Ludwig von Buhl was a German pathologist born in Munich. He studied medicine in Munich and Vienna, and in 1847 was habilitated as a lecturer of pathological anatomy and microscopy at the University of Munich. In 1850 he was chosen as an associate professor, and from 1854 served as prosector at the university general hospital. In 1859 he was appointed professor of general pathology and pathological anatomy in Munich, where in 1875 he became director of the pathological institute. Two of his better known assistants were Ernst Schweninger and Wilhelm Heinrich Erb .
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Jacob Christian Schäffer
1718 - 1790 (72 years)
Jacob Christian Schäffer, alternatively Jakob, was a German dean, professor, botanist, mycologist, entomologist, ornithologist and inventor. Biography From 1736 to 1738 he studied Theology at the University of Halle before becoming a teacher in Ratisbon. In 1760, the University of Wittenberg gave him the title of Doctor of Philosophy, and the University of Tübingen awarded him in 1763 the title of Doctor of Divinity. In 1741, he became a pastor of a Protestant parish. In 1779, while still a pastor, he also became the dean of the Protestant parish in Ratisbon.
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Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel
1766 - 1833 (67 years)
Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel was a German botanist and physician who published an influential multivolume history of medicine, Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde and several other medical reference works.
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Abraham Vater
1684 - 1751 (67 years)
Abraham Vater was a German anatomist from Wittenberg. He received his doctorate in philosophy from the University of Wittenberg in 1706, and his medical degree from the University of Leipzig in 1710. Afterwards, he embarked on a scientific trip through Germany, Holland and England. In Amsterdam he met with Frederik Ruysch . He later gained his habilitation in Wittenberg, becoming an associate professor in 1719, a full professor of anatomy in 1732 and a professor of therapy in 1746.
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Hinrich Lichtenstein
1780 - 1857 (77 years)
Martin H[e]inrich Carl Lichtenstein was a German physician, explorer, botanist and zoologist. He explored parts of southern Africa and collected natural history specimens extensively and many new species were described from his collections by European scientists.
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Wilibald Swibert Joseph Gottlieb von Besser
1784 - 1842 (58 years)
Wilibald Swibert Joseph Gottlieb von Besser , known in Russia as Vilibald Gotlibovich Besser was an Austrian-born botanist active in former eastern territories of Poland occupied by the Russian Empire, who worked most of his life within today’s territory of western Ukraine.
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August Rauber
1841 - 1917 (76 years)
August Rauber was a German anatomist and embryologist born in Obermoschel in the Rhineland-Palatinate. Rauber was born the fourth of five children to Stephan Rauber and Rosalie née Oberlé. He studied medicine in Munich, obtaining his doctorate in 1865. At Munich his instructors included Theodor Bischoff , Nicolaus Rüdinger and Julius Kollmann .
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Johann Gottfried Zinn
1727 - 1759 (32 years)
Johann Gottfried Zinn was a German anatomist and botanist and was a member of the Berlin Academy. Biography Johann Gottfried Zinn was born in Schwabach. Considering his short life span, Zinn made a great contribution to the study of anatomy. In his book Descriptio anatomica oculi humani, he provided the first detailed and comprehensive anatomy of the human eye.
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Max Hartmann
1876 - 1962 (86 years)
Max Hartmann was a German biologist, alluded to in the book Phylogenetic Systematics by Willi Hennig for his investigations into divisions of sciences, most notably into descriptive and explanatory. He was a philosopher of science and the author of Allgemeine Biology.
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William Blakely
1875 - 1941 (66 years)
William Faris Blakely was an Australian botanist and collector. From 1913 to 1940 he worked in the National Herbarium of New South Wales, working with Joseph Maiden on Eucalyptus, Maiden named a red gum in his honour, Eucalyptus blakelyi. His botanical work centred particularly on Acacias, Loranthaceae and Eucalypts.
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Emil Rosenberg
1842 - 1925 (83 years)
Emil Rosenberg was a biologist and professor of comparative anatomy, embryology and histology, who worked 20 years at the Imperial University of Dorpat. Emil Rosenberg attended college as a student of Carl Gegenbaur at the University of Jena. From 1868–1875, he was the second prosector at the Imperial University of Dorpat, and in 1876, he was appointed as a professor of comparative anatomy, embryology and histology. Emil Rosenberg, working as professor, from 1876 to 1888, systematized the comparative-anatomy collections of the University of Dorpat in accordance with the system developed at th...
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Ernst Leopold Salkowski
1844 - 1923 (79 years)
Ernst Leopold Salkowski was a German biochemist who was a native of Königsberg. He received his education at the University of Königsberg, later working in Berlin as an assistant in the chemical laboratory of Rudolf Virchow's institute of pathology . In 1874 he became an associate professor of medicinal chemistry in Berlin, followed by an assignment as departmental head . In 1909 he was honored with the title of "full professor".
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Lajos Méhelÿ
1862 - 1953 (91 years)
Lajos Méhelÿ was a Hungarian zoologist, herpetologist, professor, and prolific author. He is one of the greatest, but also one of the most controversial, personalities in the history of Hungarian zoology because of his Social Darwinist and racialist publications. He had been a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences but renounced his membership.
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William Sherard
1659 - 1728 (69 years)
William Sherard was an English botanist. Next to John Ray, he was considered to be one of the outstanding English botanists of his day. Life He is still a little-known figure of that era coming as he did from humble origins. However, he worked hard and his education allowed him to rise in society.
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Johannes Thiele
1860 - 1935 (75 years)
Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. Thiele was born in Goldap, East Prussia. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work. From 1904 until his retirement in 1925 he was the curator of the malacological collection at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Thiele described more than 1.500 new species of molluscs; until today their types are deposited with the Museum of Natural History in Berlin. Especially important are his works on the Mollusca of the First German Antarctica Expedition and of the German Deep Sea Expedition aboard ...
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Johann Georg Christian Lehmann
1792 - 1860 (68 years)
Johann Georg Christian Lehmann was a German botanist. Born at Haselau, near Uetersen, Holstein, Lehmann studied medicine in Copenhagen and Göttingen, obtained a doctorate in medicine in 1813 and a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Jena in 1814. He spent the rest of his life as professor of physics and natural sciences, and head librarian, at the Gymnasium Academicum in Hamburg.
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Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich
1815 - 1877 (62 years)
Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich was a German physician, pioneer psychiatrist, and medical professor. He is known for his measurement of mean normal human body temperature of 37 °C , now known more accurately to be about 36.8 °C .
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Cardale Babington
1808 - 1895 (87 years)
Charles Cardale Babington was an English botanist and archaeologist. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1851. Babington was the son of Joseph Babington and Cathérine née Whitter, and a nephew of Thomas Babington Macaulay. He was educated at Charterhouse and St John's College, Cambridge, obtaining his Bachelor of Arts in 1830 and his Master of Arts in 1833. He overlapped at Cambridge with Charles Darwin, and in 1829 they argued over who should have the pick of beetle specimens from a local dealer. He obtained the chair of botany at the University of Cambridge in 1861 and wrote several papers on insects.
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Sydney Howard Vines
1849 - 1934 (85 years)
Sydney Howard Vines FRS was a British botanist and academic. He was Sherardian Professor of Botany at Oxford University from 1888 to 1919, and served as president of the Linnean Society of London from 1900 to 1904. He directed the publication of the Annals of Botany from 1887 to 1899.
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Paul Clemens von Baumgarten
1848 - 1928 (80 years)
Paul Clemens von Baumgarten was a German pathologist. Biography Paul Clemens was the son of a physician. He studied under Christian Wilhelm Braune and Ernst Leberecht Wagner at the University of Leipzig, and with Ernst Neumann at the University of Königsberg. He obtained his medical doctorate at Leipzig in 1873, and later that year began work in the anatomical institute in Leipzig as an assistant to Braune and Wilhelm His, Sr. . From 1874 to 1879, he served as prosector at the pathological-anatomical institute in Königsberg. In 1877 he earned his habilitation, and several years later became an associate professor of pathological anatomy .
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Ludwig von Graff
1851 - 1924 (73 years)
Ludwig Graff de Pancsova , known as Ludwig von Graff, was an Austrian zoologist born in Pancsova. In 1871, he received his medical degree in Vienna, afterwards studying zoology at the University of Graz. In 1872, he was an assistant at the zoological institute in Strasbourg, where he worked closely with Eduard Oscar Schmidt . In 1873, he relocated to Munich as an assistant to Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold , gaining his habilitation during the following year. In 1876, he became a professor at the Academy of Forestry in Aschaffenburg, and from 1884 was a professor of zoology at the University of Graz.
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Boris Rohdendorf
1904 - 1977 (73 years)
Boris Borisovich Rohdendorf was a Soviet entomologist and curator at the Zoological Museum at the University of Moscow. He attained the position of head of the Laboratory of Arthropods, Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow. A student of Andrey Martynov, he was a prolific taxonomist who described numerous new taxa, including fossil Diptera, and published important syntheses on fossil insects. His work is being extensively revised by the current generation of Russian paleoentomologists.
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Herbert Mayo
1796 - 1852 (56 years)
Herbert Mayo, M.D. , was a British physiologist, anatomist and medical writer. Biography Mayo was born in Queen Anne Street, London, the third son of John Mayo. He entered Middlesex Hospital as a surgical pupil on 17 May 1814, and was a pupil of Sir Charles Bell . He also studied at the Leyden University, where he graduated with a D.M. degree. He became house-surgeon at Middlesex Hospital in 1818, and M.R.C.S. in 1819.
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