The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
Students and researchers now have a fast and reliable way to find influential thinkers from 24 disciplines and 300 sub-disciplines (and growing). If you want to find history’s most influential philsosophers, or the world’s most influential mathematicians currently, now you can.
We also provide custom rankings of people by discipline as well as interviews with influential academics who are currently active.
To use this tool, select the discipline (and optional subdiscipline) relevant to your research, and specify influential academics by history, world, or US. Even results that are counterintuitive are often enlightening (our algorithm always picks up a signal).
Methodology: How and Why We Rank by Influence …
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List of the most influential people in Biology,
#1651
Michael Meaney
#19558
Overall Influence
1951 - Present (73 years)
Michael J. Meaney, CM, CQ, FRSC, is a professor at McGill University specializing in biological psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery, who is primarily known for his research on stress, maternal care, and gene expression. His research team has "discovered the importance of maternal care in modifying the expression of genes that regulate behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress, as well as hippocampal synaptic development" in animal studies. The research has implications for domestic and public policy for maternal support and its role in human disease prevention and economic health.
Go to Profile#1652
James M. Bower
#19280
Overall Influence
1954 - Present (70 years)
James Mason Bower is an American neuroscientist and CEO and chairman of the Board of Numedeon Inc., creator of the Whyville.net educational virtual world. He graduated from McQuaid Jesuit High School in Rochester, New York attending Antioch College and Montana State University as an undergraduate and then received his PhD in neurophysiology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, U.S. in 1982. From 1984 until 2001, he was a professor at the California Institute of Technology and from 2001 until 2013 he was a professor at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. At pres...
Go to Profile#1653
Crodowaldo Pavan
#27680
Overall Influence
1919 - 2009 (90 years)
Crodowaldo Pavan was a Brazilian biologist and geneticist, and a scientific leader in Brazil. Early life Pavan was born to a family of second-generation immigrants from Italy in 1919, in the city of Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil. His great-grandfather was an expert in textile paints and a militant anarchist, who was frequently persecuted and imprisoned in Italy as well as in Brazil for his political activism. As a boy, influenced by his father's porcelain manufacturing plant at Mogi das Cruzes, he wished to follow a career in engineering, but changed radically when he had the opportunity ...
Go to Profile#1654
Marek Mlodzik
#30438
Overall Influence
Marek Mlodzik is the Chair of the Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and also holds professorships in Oncological Sciences and Ophthalmology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Prior to this he was a Group Leader at EMBL Heidelberg. In 1997, Mlodzik was elected as a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization.
Go to Profile#1655
Alfred L. Goldberg
#43714
Overall Influence
1942 - 2023 (81 years)
Alfred Lewis Goldberg was an American cell biologist-biochemist and professor at Harvard University. His major discoveries have concerned the mechanisms and physiological importance of protein degradation in cells. Of wide impact have been his lab's demonstration that all cells contain a pathway for selectively eliminating misfolded proteins, his discoveries about the role of proteasomes in this process and of the enzyme systems catalyzing protein breakdown in bacteria, his elucidating the mechanisms for muscle atrophy and the role of proteasomes in antigen presentation to the immune system, ...
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Theodore Lidz
#7952
Overall Influence
1910 - 2001 (91 years)
Theodore Lidz was an American psychiatrist best known for his articles and books on the causes of schizophrenia and on psychotherapy with patients with schizophrenia. An advocate of research into environmental causes of mental illness, Lidz was a notable critic of what he saw as a disproportionate focus on biological psychiatry. Lidz was a Sterling Professor of Psychiatry at Yale University. In his lifetime, he did a great amount of research on interpersonal causes of schizophrenia.
Go to Profile#1657
Robert B. Darnell
#32915
Overall Influence
1957 - Present (67 years)
Robert Bernard Darnell is an American neurooncologist and neuroscientist, founding director and former CEO of the New York Genome Center, the Robert and Harriet Heilbrunn Professor of Cancer Biology at The Rockefeller University, and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His research into rare autoimmune brain diseases led to the invention of the HITS-CLIP method to study RNA regulation, and he is developing ways to explore the regulatory portions—known as the "dark matter"—of the human genome.
Go to Profile#1658
Raymond L. White
#40129
Overall Influence
1943 - 2018 (75 years)
Raymond Leslie White was an American geneticist. Biography Born in Orlando, Florida in 1943, White earned a bachelor's degree in microbiology from the University of Oregon and obtained a doctorate, also in microbiology, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1971. He taught at the University of Utah School of Medicine and later moved to the University of California, San Francisco as Rudi Schmid Distinguished Professor in Neurology and was a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator from 1980 to 1994.
Go to Profile#1659
Kevin J. Tracey
#31263
Overall Influence
1957 - Present (67 years)
Kevin J. Tracey, a neurosurgeon and inventor, is the president and CEO of the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, professor of neurosurgery and molecular medicine at the Zucker School of Medicine, and president of the Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine in Manhasset, New York. The Public Library of Science Magazine, PLOS Biology, recognized Tracey in 2019 as one of the most cited researchers in the world.
Go to Profile#1660
Tom Kirkwood
#26802
Overall Influence
1951 - Present (73 years)
Thomas Burton Loram Kirkwood CBE FMedSci is an English biologist who made his contribution to the biology of ageing by proposing the disposable soma theory of aging. He is currently a researcher and Associate Dean for Ageing in Newcastle University and he headed the Institute for Ageing and Health in its school of clinical medical sciences. He is the author of Time of Our Lives: The Science of Human Aging , The End of Age: Why Everything About Aging Is Changing , and co-author of Chance, Development, and Aging . In 2001 he gave the annual Reith Lectures.
Go to Profile#1661
Robert H. Burris
#25418
Overall Influence
1914 - 2010 (96 years)
Robert H. Burris was a professor in the Biochemistry Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1961. Research in Burris's lab focused on enzyme reaction mechanisms, and he made significant contributions to our knowledge of nitrogen fixation.
Go to Profile#1662
Forest Rohwer
#42796
Overall Influence
1969 - Present (55 years)
Forest Rohwer is an American microbial ecologist and Professor of Biology at San Diego State University. His particular interests include coral reef microbial ecology and viruses as both evolutionary agents and opportunistic pathogens in various environments.
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Robert F. Siliciano
#39900
Overall Influence
2000 - Present (24 years)
Robert F. Siliciano is a professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Siliciano has a joint appointment in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins. Siliciano researches the mechanisms by which the human immunodeficiency virus remains latent in the human body.
Go to Profile#1664
Frances Ashcroft
#29107
Overall Influence
1952 - Present (72 years)
Dame Frances Mary Ashcroft is a British ion channel physiologist. She is Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Research Professor at the University Laboratory of Physiology at the University of Oxford. She is a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and is a director of the Oxford Centre for Gene Function. Her research group has an international reputation for work on insulin secretion, type II diabetes and neonatal diabetes. Her work with Andrew Hattersley has helped enable children born with diabetes to switch from insulin injections to tablet therapy.
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Jamie Seymour
#38419
Overall Influence
Jamie Seymour is an Australian toxinologist. He has been a lecturer and researcher at James Cook University since 1996 and gained Professorship in 2019. Professor Seymour started his academic career as a lecturer in the School of Tropical Biology at James Cook University. He is currently a member of the Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine. His research involves examining the biology and ecology of dangerous species found in Australia.
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Gunnar Öquist
#20842
Overall Influence
1941 - Present (83 years)
Gunnar Öquist is a Swedish biologist and professor of plant physiology at Umeå University, and served as the permanent secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 2003 to 2010. He graduated from Uppsala University in 1967 and enrolled in postgraduate studies in Umeå in 1968. He earned his Ph.D. at Umeå University in 1972 with the Thesis Some effects of light intensity and iron deficiency on pigmentation and photosynthesis in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. He was made docent in plant physiology 1974. After two years at Lund University he returned to Umeå in 1976 and was ma...
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Paola S. Timiras
#29154
Overall Influence
1923 - 2008 (85 years)
Paola S. Timiras, born Paola Silvestri, was an endocrinologist studying stress. Background and education Paola Silvestri was born on July 21, 1923, in Rome, Italy, just after Italy's takeover by Mussolini and his Fascist movement. Her father, a statistician and strong anti-Fascist, fled the following year to France, where his daughter visited often. Even as a girl, she dreamed of becoming a doctor, like her grandfather and uncle.
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Burkhard Rost
#41543
Overall Influence
1961 - Present (63 years)
Areas of Specialization: Computational Biology, Bioinformatics Burkhard Rost is head of the Department of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics for the Technical University of Munich. He is also the chair of the Study Section Bioinformatics Munich with the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He studied physics at the University of Giessen and physics, history, philosophy, and psychology at the Heidelberg University, where he earned his PhD. Rost has focused on the use of machine learning to predict enzymatic activity, subcellular localization, functional effects of points mutations/SNPs, disordered regions, internal residue-residue contacts, and protein clustering.
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Sankar Adhya
#31421
Overall Influence
1937 - Present (87 years)
Sankar Adhya is a molecular biologist and geneticist at the National Cancer Institute and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is best known for his work on bacterial transcription and the biology of bacteriophage lambda. He has made important contributions regarding the physical basis of transcriptional regulation in bacteria, the lysis/lysogeny switch in lambda phage, the organization of the bacterial nucleoid, and phage therapy.
Go to Profile#1670
Richard E. Dickerson
#19809
Overall Influence
1931 - Present (93 years)
Richard E. Dickerson is an American biochemist. He was the first to carry out a single-crystal structure analysis of B-DNA, with what has become known as the "Dickerson dodecamer": C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G. At UCLA he has continued his investigations of the structures of A- and B-DNA, and of complexes between DNA and drugs or proteins. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1985. During the academic year 1997-1998, Dickerson was the Newton-Abraham Visiting Professor in Medical, Biological and Chemical Science at Lincoln College and the L...
Go to Profile#1671
Isabel Pérez Farfante
#41999
Overall Influence
1916 - 2009 (93 years)
Isabel Pérez Farfante was a Cuban-born carcinologist. She was the first Cuban woman to receive her Ph.D. from an Ivy League school. She returned to Cuba from the United States only to be blacklisted by Fidel Castro's government. She and her family escaped Cuba, and she became one of the world's foremost zoologists studying prawns. She discovered large populations of shrimp off the coast of Cuba and published one of the most noted books on shrimps: "Penaeoid and Sergestoid Shrimps and Prawns of the World. Keys and Diagnoses for the Families and Genera."
Go to Profile#1672
Shiu-Ying Hu
#30095
Overall Influence
1910 - 2012 (102 years)
Shiu-Ying Hu, BBS , or Hu Xiuying, was a Chinese botanist. She was an expert in the plant genera of Ilex , Hemerocallis , and Panax . She studied the families Orchidaceae, Compositae, and Malvaceae, and Chinese medicinal herbs and food plants. She was given the nickname "Holly Hu" by her colleagues for her extensive work with holly plants.
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Pierre Legendre
#49773
Overall Influence
1946 - Present (78 years)
Pierre Legendre , is a professor of ecology at Université de Montréal. He is the founder of Numerical Ecology, which is a quantitative subdiscipline of community ecology, with his brother the oceanographer Louis Legendre.
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Riitta Hari
#28975
Overall Influence
1948 - Present (76 years)
Riitta Kyllikki Hari is a Finnish neuroscientist, physician and professor at Aalto University. She has led the Brain Research Unit at the Low Temperature Laboratory since 1982. Hari was appointed as Academician of Science on 26 November 2010.
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David Macdonald
#47011
Overall Influence
1951 - Present (73 years)
David Whyte Macdonald CBE FRSE is a Scottish zoologist and conservationist. He is the Director of the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at the University of Oxford, which he founded in 1986. He holds a Senior Research Fellowship at Lady Margaret Hall with the Title of Distinction of Professor of Wildlife Conservation. He has been an active wildlife conservationist since graduating from Oxford.
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Marcello Barbieri
#17687
Overall Influence
1940 - Present (84 years)
Marcello Barbieri is an Italian theoretical biologist at the University of Ferrara whose main interest is the origin of novelties in macroevolution. He has been one of founders and first editor-in-chief of the journal Biosemiotics until 2012; currently, he is an editor of the journal BioSystems. His research field is code biology, the study of all codes of life from the genetic code to the codes of culture. His major books are The Semantic Theory of Evolution , The Organic Codes , and Code Biology. A New Science of Life .
Go to Profile#1677
William Jeffery Sandborn
#53299
Overall Influence
#1678
Aoife McLysaght
#26531
Overall Influence
2000 - Present (24 years)
Aoife McLysaght is an Irish geneticist and a professor in the Molecular Evolution Laboratory of the Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin in Ireland. Education McLysaght was educated at the Trinity College Dublin where she was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in Genetics in 1998, followed by a PhD in 2002 for research supervised by Kenneth H. Wolfe on the evolution of vertebrate genome organisation.
Go to Profile#1679
Galit Lahav
#44827
Overall Influence
1973 - Present (51 years)
Galit Lahav is an Israeli-American systems biologist and Professor of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School. In 2018 she became Chair of the Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School. She is known for discovering the pulsatile behavior of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and uncovering its significance for cell fate, and for her contributions to the culture of mentoring in science. She lives in Boston, Massachusetts.
Go to Profile#1680
Suzanne Batra
#35054
Overall Influence
1937 - Present (87 years)
Suzanne Wellington Tubby Batra is an American entomologist best known for her work on the classification of insect societies and for coining the term eusociality. Batra was born in New York City where her father Roger W. Tubby was a journalist and secretary to President Truman, later serving in the United Nations as US Ambassador during the Kennedy period. At a young age, she was exposed to outdoor life, natural history, fishing and hunting especially after the family moved to the Adirondacks. She graduated from Saranac Lake High School in 1956 and received a Bachelor of Arts in zoology from Swarthmore College in 1960.
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Ian T. Baldwin
#50309
Overall Influence
1958 - Present (66 years)
Ian Thomas Baldwin is an American ecologist. Scientific career Baldwin studied biology and chemistry at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, and graduated 1981 with an AB. In 1989 he graduated with a PhD in chemical ecology from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Section of Neurobiology and Behavior. He was an Assistant , Associate and Full Professor in the Department of Biology at SUNY Buffalo. In 1996 he became the Founding Director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology where he heads the Department of Molecular Ecology. In 1999 he was appointed Honorary Professor at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena, Germany.
Go to Profile#1682
Wang Yinglai
#26019
Overall Influence
1907 - 2001 (94 years)
Wang Yinglai , also known as Ying-Lai Wang, was a Chinese biochemist recognized as the first person to create synthetic insulin, a major scientific breakthrough that produced a biologically active compound from inorganic chemicals. He was one of the first group of scientists elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955. He founded the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry in 1958 and served as its director until his retirement in 1984.
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Judy Armitage
#42554
Overall Influence
1951 - Present (73 years)
Judith Patricia Armitage is a British molecular and cellular biochemist at the University of Oxford. Early life and education Armitage was born on 21 February 1951 in Shelley, Yorkshire, England. She attended Selby Girls' High School, an all-female grammar school, then located in the West Riding of Yorkshire. In her sixth form, the school became the co-educational Selby Grammar School.
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Alistair Cameron Crombie
#14358
Overall Influence
1915 - 1996 (81 years)
Alistair Cameron Crombie was an Australian historian of science who began his career as a zoologist. He was noted for his contributions to research on competition between species before turning to history.
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Sarah O'Connor
#36335
Overall Influence
1950 - Present (74 years)
Sarah E. O'Connor is an American molecular biologist working to understand the molecular machinery involved in assembling important plant natural products – vinblastine, morphine, iridoids, secologanin – and how changing the enzymes involved in this pathway lead to diverse analogs. She was a Project Leader at the John Innes Centre in the UK between 2011 and 2019. O'Connor was appointed by the Max Planck Society in 2018 to head the Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena, Germany, taking up her role during 2019.
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Rajeev Kumar Varshney
#37845
Overall Influence
1973 - Present (51 years)
Rajeev Kumar Varshney is an Indian agricultural scientist, specializing in genomics, genetics, molecular breeding and capacity building in developing countries. Varshney is currently serving as Director, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Center; Director, Centre for Crop & Food Innovation; and International Chair in Agriculture & Food Security with the Food Futures Institute at Murdoch University, Australia since Feb 2022. Before joining Murdoch University, Australia he served International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics , a global agriculture R&D instit...
Go to Profile#1687
David Perkins
#43685
Overall Influence
1919 - 2007 (88 years)
David Dexter Perkins was an American geneticist, a member of the faculty of the Department of Biology at Stanford University for more than 58 years, from 1948 until his death in 2007. He received his PhD in Zoology in 1949 from Columbia University. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, he served as president of the Genetics Society of America in 1977. In a scientific career that spanned more than six decades, Perkins collaborated on more than 300 papers. His associates included many graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who went on to scientific careers throughout the world.
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Maria Grazia Spillantini
#29766
Overall Influence
1957 - Present (67 years)
Maria Grazia Spillantini , is Professor of Molecular Neurology in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Cambridge. She is most noted for identifying the protein alpha-synuclein as the major component of Lewy bodies, the characteristic protein deposit found in the brain in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. She has also identified mutations in the MAPT gene as a heritable cause for frontotemporal dementia.
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Irwin Gunsalus
#34073
Overall Influence
1912 - 2008 (96 years)
Irwin C. "Gunny" Gunsalus was an American biochemist who discovered lipoic acid, a vitamin-like substance that has been used as a treatment for chronic liver disease, and pyridoxal phosphate, one of the active forms of vitamin B6. In his role as assistant secretary general at the United Nations, he led the international body's research on genetic engineering.
Go to Profile#1690
Áskell Löve
#45166
Overall Influence
1916 - 1994 (78 years)
Áskell Löve was an Icelandic systematic botanist, particularly active in the Arctic. Education Áskell studied botany at Lund University, Sweden, from 1937. He received his PhD in 1942 in botany and a D.Sc. degree in genetics the year after. From 1941 to 1945, he was a research associate at Lund University and a corresponding geneticist at the University of Iceland.
Go to Profile#1691
Christopher Gillberg
#31190
Overall Influence
1950 - Present (74 years)
Lars Christopher Gillberg , who has sometimes published as Gillberg and Gillberg with his wife Carina Gillberg, is a professor of child and adolescent psychiatry at Gothenburg University in Gothenburg, Sweden. He has also been a visiting professor at the universities of Bergen, New York, Odense, St George's , San Francisco, and Glasgow and Strathclyde.
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John Talbot Robinson
#33807
Overall Influence
1923 - 2001 (78 years)
John Talbot Robinson FRSSAf was a distinguished South African hominin paleontologist. His most famous discovery was the nearly complete fossil skull of the hominin species Australopithecus africanus, known as Mrs. Ples.
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Anne O'Garra
#35665
Overall Influence
1954 - Present (70 years)
Anne O'Garra FRS FMedSci is a British immunologist who has made important discoveries on the mechanism of action of Interleukin 10. O'Garra was born in Gibraltar. Biography She was born to Fred O,Garra and Isaac Wimett in 1954, as a child she was noted as having a keen mind.
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C. Nash Herndon
#34418
Overall Influence
1916 - 1998 (82 years)
Claude Nash Herndon Jr. was an American human geneticist who taught and conducted research at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, NC. He was the school's senior associate dean for research and development for many years.
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William Roy Branch
#26184
Overall Influence
1946 - 2018 (72 years)
William Roy "Bill" Branch was a British-South-African herpetologist. Branch studied at the University of Southampton where he remained until completing his Ph.D. degree . From 1972 he worked as a scientist in the Life Sciences Division of the Atomic Energy Board in Pretoria doing research on, inter alia, liver cancer, but returned to the University of Southampton in 1976 to take up a post-doctoral research fellowship in the Department of Biology studying the synthesis of chemicals in the liver of foetal rabbits.
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Erich Nigg
#45323
Overall Influence
1952 - Present (72 years)
Erich Nigg is a Swiss cell biologist. Life Erich Nigg received his PhD in 1980 from the ETH Zürich . Subsequently, he carried out research at the University of California in San Diego, the ETH Zürich and the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research . From 1995 he was Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Geneva before he was appointed, in 1999, to a Directorship at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried, Germany. From 2009 - 2018 was Erich Nigg Professor of Cell Biology and Director of the Biozentrum at the University of Basel, Switzerland.
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William H. Schlesinger
#30960
Overall Influence
1950 - Present (74 years)
William H. Schlesinger is a biogeochemist and the retired president of the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, an independent not-for-profit environmental research organization in Millbrook, New York. He assumed that position after 27 years on the faculty of Duke University, where he served as the Dean of the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and James B. Duke Professor of Biogeochemistry.
Go to Profile#1698
Cyril Garnham
#34587
Overall Influence
1901 - 1994 (93 years)
Percy Cyril Claude Garnham CMG FRS , was a British biologist and parasitologist. On his 90th birthday, he was called the "greatest living parasitologist". Early life and education Garnham was born in London, the son of Percy Claude Garnham , and Edith née Masham , an accomplished violinist. In World War I, his father served as a lieutenant in the Royal Navy and died at Gallipoli in 1915. He was educated at Paradise School and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, and graduated in medicine in 1925. followed by a diploma in public health. In 1928 he was awarded an MD degree by the University of Lo...
Go to Profile#1699
Paul Volberding
#27771
Overall Influence
1949 - Present (75 years)
Paul A. Volberding is an American physician who is best known for his pioneering work in treating people with HIV. Work In 1983, Volberding founded the first inpatient ward for persons with AIDS in the San Francisco General Hospital. He worked on early clinical trials to evaluate antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection, and has served on the two major guidelines panels for antiretroviral therapy, addressing issues such as the optimal timing of treatment in early HIV infection when no symptoms are evident.
Go to Profile#1700
Jack Garrick
#36264
Overall Influence
1928 - 2018 (90 years)
John Andrew Frank "Jack" Garrick was a New Zealand ichthyologist. He specialized in elasmobranchs and published many books and articles about shark and ray biology. In 1982, he published a thorough taxonomy on sharks of the genus Carcharhinus, where he identified the smoothtooth blacktip shark as a new species. He is the species authority for several types of sharks, including the New Zealand lanternshark. Garrick was a zoology professor at Victoria University of Wellington, appointed to a personal chair in 1971.
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