The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
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List of the most influential people in Biology,
#16501
Eduard Daniël van Oort
1876 - 1933 (57 years)
Eduard Daniël van Oort was a Dutch ornithologist. Oort was in charge of the bird collections at the Rijksmuseum of Natural History in Leiden; in 1915 he was made Director of this museum, a position which he held until his death. He was the author of Ornithologia Neerlandica, de vogels van Nederland , with plates by Marinus Adrianus Koekkoek . These plates were later licensed by Harry Witherby for use in The Handbook of British Birds .
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Alice Middleton Boring
1883 - 1955 (72 years)
Alice Middleton Boring was an American biologist, zoologist, and herpetologist, who taught biology and did research in the United States and China. Early life and education Alice Middleton Boring was born in 1883 in Philadelphia. Her family originally settled in the Americas in the 17th century. Her relatives were involved in the Moravian Church, which would greatly influence Alice's upbringing. Boring attended the Friends' Central School, a coeducational school where she excelled in the sciences.
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Ugolino Martelli
1860 - 1934 (74 years)
Ugolino Martelli was an Italian botanist, biologist, and mycologist. Martelli is known for his studies of and contributions to the systematics of the tropical genus Pandanus and his taxonomic definition of the flora of Sardinia. He also specialized in studies of the flora of Tuscany and Malaysia.
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Albertina Carlsson
1848 - 1930 (82 years)
Albertina Carlsson , was a Swedish zoologist. She is referred to as the first Swedish woman to have performed scientific studies in zoology. Carlsson was born to taylor A.P. Carlsson and A.M. Jönsson. She was given private tuition and educated herself at the Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm, 1865–68. She was employed as a teacher at the Paulis elementarläroverk för flickor in 1870–81 and at Södermalms högre läroanstalt för flickor in 1881–1907.
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Aleksandr Kots
1880 - 1964 (84 years)
Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kots was a Soviet and Russian zoologist and founding director of the State Darwin Museum in Moscow. His wife was the animal behaviourist Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts. Biography Kots was born in Borisoglebsk, Tambov to Berlin-born linguist and botanist Alfred Kots and Evgenia Alexandrovna née Grassman. He began to collect natural history specimens at a young age and was educated at the Moscow classical gymnasium. He learned to stuff and prepare animal specimens from F. Yuri Felman and received a gold medal for his taxidermy in 1896. With references from Theodore K. Lorenz an...
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Ernest Tyzzer
1875 - 1965 (90 years)
Ernest Edward Tyzzer was an American physician, pathologist and parasitologist. He was involved in cancer research but is particularly noted for his work in parasitology, describing numerous new species of avian parasites in a career spanning 40 years.
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Franklin P. Mall
1862 - 1917 (55 years)
Franklin Paine Mall was an American anatomist and pathologist known for his research and literature in the fields of anatomy and embryology. Mall was granted a fellowship for the Department of Pathology at the Johns Hopkins University and after positions at other universities, later returned to be the head of the first Anatomy Department at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. There, he reformed the field of anatomy and its educational curriculum. Mall was the founder and the first chief of the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution for Science. He later donated his collection ...
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Otto Wilhelm Sonder
1812 - 1881 (69 years)
Otto Wilhelm Sonder was a German botanist and pharmacist. Life A native of Holstein, Sonder studied at Kiel University, where he sat pharmaceutical examinations in 1835, before becoming the proprietor of a pharmacy in Hamburg from 1841 to 1878. In 1846 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Königsberg and was elected a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina for his contribution to the field of botany.
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Nikolai Turczaninow
1796 - 1863 (67 years)
Nikolai Stepanovich Turczaninow was a Russian botanist and plant collector who first identified several genera, and many species, of plants. Education and career Born in 1796, Turczaninow attended high school in Kharkov. In 1814, he graduated from Kharkov University, before working as a civil servant for the Ministry of Finance in St. Petersburg. Soon after, in 1825, Turczaninow published his first botanical list. Despite being employed in a different field, he continued his largely self-taught botanical work.
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Albert Dastre
1844 - 1917 (73 years)
Albert Dastre was a French physiologist born in Paris. He studied and worked under Claude Bernard and Paul Bert in Paris and attained the chair of general physiology at the Sorbonne in 1886. In 1904, Dastre became a member of the Académie des Sciences. One of his better-known assistants was Romanian physiologist Nicolae Paulescu , who was the discoverer of insulin.
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Umberto D'Ancona
1896 - 1964 (68 years)
Umberto D’Ancona was an Italian biologist. He attended secondary school in Fiume and later enrolled as a student in the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Budapest. During World War I he interrupted his studies to fight as artillery officer, and became wounded and was decorated for military valor. From 1916 to 1920 he studied at the University of Rome under supervision of Giulio Cotronei. He graduated on a thesis on the effect of starvation on the digestive tract of the eel.
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Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel
1868 - 1942 (74 years)
Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel was a botanist, mycologist and plant pathologist, especially an expert on rust fungi. He lived in the Russian Empire and then in the Soviet Union. He graduated from Saint Petersburg University in 1889 and became an assistant at the Imperial Forestry Institute in Saint Petersburg. 1898–1900, he was stationed at the University of Warsaw, but soon returned to Saint Petersburg and took a position a curator at the Botanic Garden of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. He remained affiliated with the Academy for the remainder of his career, from 1912 as senior botanist....
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Emil Johann Lambert Heinricher
1856 - 1934 (78 years)
Emil Johann Lambert Heinricher was an Austrian botanist from Laibach . In 1879 he received his doctorate from the University of Graz, where after graduation, he served as an assistant to botanist Hubert Leitgeb. In 1889 he became an associate professor of botany, which was followed by a full professorship at the University of Innsbruck in 1891. While at Innsbruck, he created a new botanical garden in nearby Hötting. Through support from the Austrian Academy of Sciences, he took part in a study trip to Java . While there, he spent time working at the Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens .
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Heinrich Moritz Willkomm
1821 - 1895 (74 years)
Heinrich Moritz Willkomm was a German botanist who served as a professor of botany at Tharandt, the University of Dorpat and at the University of Prague. He travelled widely across Spain and Portugal and became a specialist on the flora of the Iberian region.
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Julius Vincenz von Krombholz
1782 - 1843 (61 years)
Julius Vincenz von Krombholz was a physician and mycologist born in Oberpolitz , northern Bohemia. He studied medicine at the University of Prague, receiving his doctorate in 1814. In 1828 he was appointed professor of special pathology and therapy. At Prague, he used his influence to help the penniless August Carl Joseph Corda get admitted to the university. In 1831 he was named rector of the university.
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Johannes Müller Argoviensis
1828 - 1896 (68 years)
Johann Müller was a Swiss botanist who was a specialist in lichens. He published under the name Johannes Müller Argoviensis to distinguish himself from other naturalists with similar names. Biography Müller was born into a farming family on 9 May 1828 in Teufenthal, Switzerland. He received his education at the Reinach gymnasium and then entered the Aargau industrial school, where he was passionate about botany and mathematics. Encouraged by Hans Schinz he built a herbarium of the flora of Aargau. In 1850 and 1851 he studied in Geneva and came into contact with prominent botanists Edmond Boi...
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William Nylander
1822 - 1899 (77 years)
William Nylander was a Finnish botanist and entomologist. Nylander was born in Oulu, and taught at the University of Helsinki before moving to Paris, where he lived until his death in 1899. Nylander studied medicine, receiving a degree in 1847. Nylander pioneered the technique of determining the taxonomy of lichens by the use of chemical reagents, such as potassium hydroxide, tinctures of iodine and calcium hypochlorite, still used by lichenologists as the K and C tests.
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Albrecht Bethe
1872 - 1954 (82 years)
Albrecht Julius Theodor Bethe was a German physiologist. He was the father of physicist Hans Bethe . He studied at the universities of Freiburg, Munich , Berlin and Strasbourg ; receiving his PhD in 1895 at Munich. From 1896 to 1911 he worked at the institute of physiology in Strasbourg, where in 1898 he obtained his doctorate in medicine. In 1911 he became a professor of physiology at the University of Kiel, and four years later, relocated as a professor to the University of Frankfurt. In 1937 he was relieved of his professorial duties at Frankfurt , only to have them reinstated following th...
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Friedrich Goll
1829 - 1903 (74 years)
Friedrich Goll was a Swiss neuroanatomist born in Zofingen, a town located in the canton of Aargau. In 1853 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Zurich, and furthered his education in Paris, where he studied under physiologist Claude Bernard . Afterwards he returned to Zurich, where from 1855, he worked as a general practitioner of medicine. In 1862 he became habilitated for special pathology and pharmacology at the University of Zurich, where from 1863 to 1869, he was director of the medical polyclinic. From 1885 to 1901 he served as an associate professor of pharmacology...
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Alexandru Borza
1887 - 1971 (84 years)
Alexandru Borza was a Romanian botanist, Greek-Catholic priest and honorary archpriest of Cluj. As part of a group of professors, physicians, soldiers, and others, he helped bring Scouting to Romania.
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Hugo Ribbert
1855 - 1920 (65 years)
Hugo Ribbert was a German professor of pathology. Ribbert studied at Bonn, Berlin and Strassburg. In 1883 he was appointed Professor extraordinarius at Bonn. In 1892 he became professor at Zurich. In 1900 he moved to Marburg University; in 1903 he moved to Göttingen University; and in 1905 he returned to Bonn.
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Karl Slotta
1895 - 1987 (92 years)
Karl Heinrich Slotta , was a biochemist. His discovery of progesterone and its relationship to ovulation led to the development of birth control pills. Life Slotta was drafted into military service in World War I. After the war, he began his hormone research at the Chemical Institute in Breslau, Germany, under the guidance of Professor Ludwig Fraenkel. He obtained his PhD in chemistry from the University of Breslau in 1923 where he discovered that the biguanided metformin lowers the blood glucose concentration in rabbits. He continued post-doc work at the university with guidance from Profess...
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Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst
1777 - 1857 (80 years)
Johann Ludwig Christian Carl Gravenhorst , sometimes Jean Louis Charles or Carl, was a German entomologist, herpetologist, and zoologist. Life Gravenhorst was born in Braunschweig. His early interest in insects was encouraged by two of his professors, both amateur entomologists. He entered the University of Helmstedt to study law in 1797. However, the death of his father two years later left him a great fortune; so he was able to change his direction. He enrolled at the University of Göttingen where he followed the courses of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. He returned to present his thesis to Helmstädt on a subject of entomology.
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Alfred Kohn
1867 - 1959 (92 years)
Alfred Kohn headed the Institute of Histology at the Medical Faculty of German University in Prague for 26 years. He discovered the nature and origin of parathyroid glands and pioneered research on chromaffin cells and sympathetic paraganglia. Kohn's papers covered topics including the pituitary, interstitial cells of testes, and ovaries, all of which relate to endocrinology. All of his studies were based on descriptive and comparative histological and embryological observations. Kohn was twice the dean of German Medical Faculty, and an honorary member of many scientific societies. He was repeatedly nominated for Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine.
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Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim
1888 - 1948 (60 years)
Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim was a Soviet botanist of German descent. He traveled widely over the Caucasus region collecting and studying various different plant life. He is most known for Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes species.
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Pierre Dominique Delmas
#16527
Hubert Lyman Clark
1870 - 1947 (77 years)
Hubert Lyman Clark was an American zoologist. The son of Professor William Smith Clark, he was born at Amherst, Massachusetts, and educated at Amherst College and Johns Hopkins University. From 1899 to 1905 he was professor of biology at Olivet College. Beginning in 1905, Clark worked as assistant in invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. He was curator of echinoderms from 1910 to 1927, and curator of marine invertebrates and associate professor of zoology beginning 1927. He was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1947.
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Carl Sprengel
1787 - 1859 (72 years)
Karl or Philipp Carl Sprengel was a German botanist from Schillerslage . Sprengel worked under Albrecht Thaer in Celle. He then worked from 1804 to 1808 with Heinrich Einhof in Möglin on agricultural studies. He travelled the world between 1810 and 1820, exploring agricultural ideas in Asia, Americas and Mesopotamia. Between 1821 and 1828, he studied natural sciences in Göttingen, where he eventually became professor. In the early 1830s, he moved to Regenwalde , where he accepted position of the Chairman of the Pomorskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne , which he held for the rest of his life. Havi...
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Otto Binswanger
1852 - 1929 (77 years)
Otto Ludwig Binswanger was a Swiss psychiatrist and neurologist who came from a famous family of physicians; his father was founder of the Kreuzlingen Sanatorium, and he was uncle to Ludwig Binswanger who was a major figure in the existential psychology movement. He was brother-in-law to physiotherapist Heinrich Averbeck . Other notable family members include his son-in-law Hans-Constantin Paulssen , who was the first president of the BDA .
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Albert Bernhard Frank
1839 - 1900 (61 years)
Albert Bernhard Frank was a German botanist, plant pathologist, and mycologist, born in Dresden. He is credited with coining the term mycorrhiza in his 1885 paper "Über die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch unterirdische Pilze".
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Alfred Henry Garrod
1846 - 1879 (33 years)
Alfred Henry Garrod FRS was an English vertebrate zoologist. Garrod was born in London, the eldest son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod , a physician at King's College Hospital, who discovered the abnormal uric acid metabolism associated with gout. He was also the eldest brother of Archibald Edward Garrod , an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism.
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John Hill
1716 - 1775 (59 years)
Sir John Hill was an English composer, actor, author and botanist. He contributed to contemporary periodicals and engaged in literary battles with poets, playwrights and scientists. He is remembered for his illustrated botanical compendium The Vegetable System, one of the first works to use the nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus. In recognition of his efforts, he was created a knight of the Order of Vasa in 1774 by Gustav III of Sweden and thereafter called himself Sir John Hill.
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Caspar Stoll
1725 - 1791 (66 years)
Caspar Stoll was a naturalist and entomologist, best known for the completion of De Uitlandsche Kapellen, a work on butterflies begun by Pieter Cramer. He also published several works of his own on other insect groups. Stoll's 1787 publication on stick insects, mantises, and their relatives is also well known. It was translated into French in 1813.
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Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen
1775 - 1853 (78 years)
Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen was a German botanist specializing in the field of bryology. In 1799 he obtained his medical doctorate from the University of Leipzig, where he was later an associate professor of natural history and afterwards a full professor on the same subject . Concurrently, he served as an associate professor of botany at Leipzig.
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Alfred Gottschalk
1894 - 1973 (79 years)
Alfred Gottschalk was a German biochemist who was a leading authority in glycoprotein research. During his career he wrote 216 research papers and reviews, and four books. Gottschalk was born in Aachen, the third of four children to Benjamin and Rosa Gottschalk, who had Jewish heritage. He was raised Catholic. He choose to study medicine, from 1912 he attended the Universities of Munich, Freiburg im Breisgau and Bonn. During the war he served in the medical corps of the German Army. He completed his medical degree in 1920, graduating MD from the University of Bonn. He completed clinical work...
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George Charles Champion
1851 - 1927 (76 years)
George Charles Champion was an English entomologist specialising in the study of beetles. Biography George was born in Walworth, South London, the eldest son of George Champion. Encouraged by J. Platt-Barret, G. C. Champion began collecting beetles when he was 16. Champion's initial work was mainly in the Home Counties. Recognized as a serious coleopterist, he accepted a post as collector for Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin to work on Biologia Centrali-Americana. Champion left England in February 1879 for Guatemala, where he arrived on 16 March into Puerto San José on the Pacific. H...
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Johann Conrad Brunner
1653 - 1727 (74 years)
Johann Conrad Brunner was a Swiss anatomist, especially cited for his work on the pancreas and duodenum. Life Brunner was born in Diessenhofen, and studied medicine in Schaffhausen, Strasbourg, Amsterdam, London and Paris. At Schaffhausen he studied under Johann Jakob Wepfer , who was also his father-in-law. He received his doctorate in 1672 from the University of Strasbourg. Beginning in 1686 he was a professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Heidelberg. In 1716, Brunner was appointed personal physician to Charles III Philip the new Elector of the Palatinate. He received many accolades during his life including a knighthood with the title "Brunn von Hammerstein".
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Pierre Richer de Belleval
1558 - 1632 (74 years)
Pierre Richer de Belleval , was a French botanist. He is considered the father of scientific botany. Richer de Belleval was born in Châlons-en-Champagne. His father was N. Richer or Richier. He first went to Montpellier to study medicine in 1584, but ended up receiving his MD from Avignon in 1587. In 1587, immediately after completing his M.D., Belleval married the daughter of a deceased seigneur de Prades near Montpellier. There was a considerable dowry, and it is clear that this personal estate helped to support Belleval throughout his life.
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Wilfred Backhouse Alexander
1885 - 1965 (80 years)
Wilfrid Backhouse Alexander was an English ornithologist and entomologist. He was a brother of Horace Alexander and Christopher James Alexander. Alexander was born at Croydon in Surrey, England in 1885, and was introduced to natural history by his two uncles, James and Albert Crosfield. He was educated at Bootham School in York and Tonbridge School in Kent, and went on to study Natural Science at Cambridge University. During this time his main interest was botany, graduating in 1909 with first class honours.
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Jean Lobstein
1777 - 1835 (58 years)
Jean Georges Chrétien Frédéric Martin Lobstein was a German-born, French pathologist and surgeon who was a native of Giessen. He was the nephew of noted surgeon Johann Friedrich Lobstein . In 1803 he earned his doctorate at the University of Strasbourg, subsequently working as an anatomical prosector as well as an assistant to the médecin-accoucheur en chef at the Civil Hospital . In 1805 he became a professor at École d'obstétrique du Rhin inférieur , where he ultimately served for thirty years. In 1819 he attained a professorship in pathological anatomy.
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Vladimir Shevyakov
1859 - 1930 (71 years)
Vladimir Timofeyevich Shevyakov publishing under the German spelling of his name as W. Shewiakoff, was a Russian biologist who worked on Protozoa, and a professor. Shevyakov studied under Konstantin Mereschkowski in St. Petersburg and Otto Bütschli at the University of Heidelberg. He was married to Lydia Kovalevskaya, the youngest daughter of Alexander Kovalevsky. Shevyakov, together with Konstantin Arsenyev, was editor-in-chief of additional volumes of the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. He was a professor at St. Petersburg University until 1911 when he left science and became a vice-minister in the government of Tsar Nicholas.
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Hermann Merxmüller
1920 - 1988 (68 years)
Hermann Merxmüller was a German botanist and taxonomist. Merxmüller's interest in botany was noticed at an early age by his mentors, and he was encouraged to collect in the Bavarian Alps and countryside. At 17 he joined the Bavarian Botanical Society and at the end of World War II was awarded a scholarship by the Maximilian Foundation, enabling him to study biology at the University of Munich. He completed his studies with a dissertation on plant distribution in the Alps, then taking up a post as scientific assistant at the Botanische Staatsammlung. Here the institute's director, Karl Suesse...
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Charles Thomas Brues
1879 - 1955 (76 years)
Charles Thomas Brues was an American entomologist. Biography Brues studied at the University of Texas at Austin and at Columbia University. He was appointed field agent of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture 1904–05, curator of invertebrate zoology at the Milwaukee Public Museum 1905–09, and then became instructor in economic entomology at Harvard University.
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Robert J. Lendlmayer von Lendenfeld
1858 - 1913 (55 years)
Robert J. Lendlmayer von Lendenfeld was an Austrian zoologist, alpinist, and traveler. He was also a notable spongiologist. von Lendenfeld was one of a number of influential German-speaking residents such as Ludwig Becker, Hermann Beckler, William Blandowski, Amalie Dietrich, Wilhelm Haacke, Diedrich Henne, Gerard Krefft, Johann Luehmann, Johann Menge, Carl Mücke , Ludwig Preiss, Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker , Moritz Richard Schomburgk, Richard Wolfgang Semon, Karl Theodor Staiger, George Ulrich, Eugene von Guérard, Ferdinand von Mueller, Georg von Neumayer, and Carl Wilhelmi who brought th...
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Larry Sandler
1929 - 1987 (58 years)
Laurence Marvin Sandler was a "leading Drosophila geneticist", active during the mid-20th century. Sandler is best known for his work establishing and elucidating the phenomenon of meiotic drive. Sandler earned a B.S. at Cornell University and did his doctoral work with Ed Novitski at the University of Missouri, where he collaborated with Gerry Braver. Braver and Sandler discovered that meiotic chromosomal loss was one driver of allelic variation in natural populations, a phenomenon coined "meiotic drive" in a follow-up paper by Sandler and Novitski. Sandler also collaborated with Iris ...
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Johann Horkel
1769 - 1846 (77 years)
Johann Horkel was a German physician and botanist. From 1787 he studied medicine at the University of Halle, where in 1802 he was named an associate professor. From 1804 to 1810 he served as a full professor of medicine at Halle, afterwards relocating to Berlin, where he spent the rest of his career as a professor of plant physiology. In 1800/01 he was editor of the journal Archiv für die thierische Chemie, and for a period of time, was an editor of the Deutsches Archiv für die Physiologie.
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Jacob van der Hoeden
1891 - 1968 (77 years)
Jacob van der Hoeden was a Dutch-born Israeli veterinary research scientist. Biography Jacob Van der Hoeden was born into a Jewish family in the Netherlands in 1891. He completed his doctorate in 1921. Van der Hoeden, together with his four children, survived the Holocaust thanks to the help of Dutch Christians who hid the family in various places. However, his wife died of illness prior to the end of World War II.
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Edward Alfred Minchin
1866 - 1915 (49 years)
Edward Alfred Minchin was a British zoologist who specialised in the study of sponges and Protozoa. He became Jodrell Chair of Zoology at University College London in 1899, Chair of Protozoology at the University of London in 1906, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1911.
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Grunya Sukhareva
1891 - 1981 (90 years)
Grunya Yefimovna Sukhareva was a Soviet child psychiatrist. Biography Sukhareva was born in Kyiv to the Jewish family of Chaim Faitelevich and Rachil Iosifovna Sukhareva. Between 1917 and 1921, she worked in a psychiatric hospital in Kyiv. From 1921, she worked in Moscow, and from 1933 to 1935 she was leading the department of Psychiatry in Kharkiv University .
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William Dobinson Halliburton
1860 - 1931 (71 years)
William Dobinson Halliburton FRS was a British physiologist, noted for being one of the founders of the science of biochemistry. William was one of four children born to Thomas Gill Halliburton and Mary Strachan Homan of Middlesex. He was educated at the University College School and later at the University College London, obtaining a BSc in 1879. On his MRCS in 1883 he was appointed Assistant in Physiology at the University College under Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer. His MD followed in 1884, his membership of the Royal College of Physicians a year later and his Fellowship in 1892. Halliburton succeeded Gerald Francis Yeo in the chair of Physiology at King's College London in 1889.
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