The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
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List of the most influential people in Biology,
#16501
Carl Stål
1833 - 1878 (45 years)
Carl Stål was a Swedish entomologist specialising in Hemiptera. He was born at Karlberg Castle, Stockholm on 21 March 1833 and died at Frösundavik near Stockholm on 13 June 1878. He was the son of architect, author and officer Carl Stål then Colonel, Swedish Corps of Engineers. He matriculated at Uppsala University in 1853, studying medicine and passing the medico-philosophical examination in 1857. He then turned to entomology and completed his Ph.D. at the University of Jena in 1859. The same year he became assistant to Carl Henrik Boheman in the Zoological department of the Swedish Museum ...
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Karl Kleist
1879 - 1960 (81 years)
Karl Kleist was a German neurologist and psychiatrist who made notable advances in descriptive psychopathology and neuropsychology. Kleist coined the terms unipolar and bipolar that are now used in the concepts of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. His main publications were in the field of neurology, and he is particularly known for his work on the localisation of function in the cerebral cortex of man including mapping of cortical functions on brain maps. The work is based on several hundred cases of shot wounded patients of World War I, whose functional deficits Kleist deliberately studied and described in detail during their lifetime.
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Jan Commelin
1629 - 1692 (63 years)
Jan Commelin , also known as Jan Commelijn, Johannes Commelin or Johannes Commelinus, was a botanist, and was the son of historian Isaac Commelin; his brother Casparus was a bookseller and newspaper publisher. Jan became a professor of botany when many plants were imported from the Cape and Ceylon and a new system had to be developed. As alderman of the city, together with burgomaster Johan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen he led the arrangement of the new botanic garden Hortus Medicus, later becoming Hortus Botanicus. He cultivated exotic plants on his farm 'Zuyderhout' near Haarlem. Commelin amass...
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Hermann Munk
1839 - 1912 (73 years)
Hermann Munk was a German physiologist. He was born at Posen, studied at Berlin and Göttingen, and in 1862 became docent in the former university. Seven years afterward he was promoted to assistant professor, and in 1876 to professor of physiology at the veterinary college at Berlin. Besides studies on the productive methods of threadwormss, Munk wrote on the physiology of the nerves and especially on the brain.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Kopsch
1868 - 1955 (87 years)
Friedrich Wilhelm Theodor Kopsch was a German anatomist born in Saarbrücken. Life He studied under Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer at the University of Berlin, obtaining his medical doctorate in 1892 with a thesis on the ciliary body and iris of the reptilian eye. In 1898 he received his habilitation in Berlin, and in 1935 was appointed full professor of histology, embryology and anatomy at the institute of Hermann Stieve .
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Emil Rostrup
1831 - 1907 (76 years)
Frederik Georg Emil Rostrup was a Danish botanist, mycologist and plant pathologist. Biography Emil Rostrup was born at the village of Stokkemarke on the Danish island of Lolland. Rostrup completed his polyteknisk examen in 1857. From 1858, Rostrup was a teacher at the paedagogical college Skårup Seminarium in then new subject natural history. He educated to-be school teachers for 25 years. In the meantime he had become well known for his flora handbooks and his works on plant pathology. He was appointed docent at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in 1883. From 1902, he was professor at the same college.
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Ladislav František Čelakovský
1863 - 1916 (53 years)
Ladislav František Čelakovský was a Czech mycologist and botanist born in Prague. He was the son of botanist Ladislav Josef Čelakovský . Čelakovský was a professor of plant physiology at the Czech Technical University in Prague, and was a specialist in research of slime molds. He was the author of an 1890 book on the phylum Myxomycota called České myxomycety.
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Valentin Haecker
1864 - 1927 (63 years)
Ferdinand Carl Valentin Haecker was a German zoologist, reader at Freiburg University from 1892. In 1900, he became professor at the University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart and in 1909 at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. He was president of the Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft from 1922. He died unexpectedly from a stroke.
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Casimir Christoph Schmidel
1718 - 1792 (74 years)
Casimir Christoph Schmidel was a naturalist of the 18th century who researched in botany and mineralogy. Among genera he named are the flowering plant genera Penstemon and Proboscidea and the fern genus Thelypteris. Among species he described are the red alga Dilsea carnosa
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Bjørn Helland-Hansen
1877 - 1957 (80 years)
Bjørn Helland-Hansen was a Norwegian pioneer in the field of modern oceanography. He studied the variation patterns of the weather in the northern Atlantic Ocean and of the atmosphere. He studied both medicine and physics at the University of Christiania . He developed the "Helland-Hansen Photometer" in 1910, which was carried on board Michael Sars. It was operated for the first time close to the Azores at a depth between 500 and m. In 1915 he became Professor of oceanography at the Bergen Museum, and in 1917 director of the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen.
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Robin Fåhræus
1888 - 1968 (80 years)
Robert Sanno Fåhræus, born 15 October 1888 in Stockholm, died 18 September 1968 in Lund, was a Swedish medical researcher noted for his contributions to hemorheology. Biography Fåhræus was the son of art historian Klas Fåhraeus and actress Olga Björkegren. He commenced studies at Karolinska Institute in 1908, where he received his medical license in 1922. Before that, in 1921, he had completed his research doctorate with the title The suspension-stability of the blood. He became associate professor of experimental pathology at the Karolinska Institute in 1922. He was professor of pathology at...
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Hans Ernst August Buchner
1850 - 1902 (52 years)
Hans Ernst August Buchner was a German bacteriologist who was born and raised in Munich. He was the older brother of Eduard Buchner , winner of the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Biography He studied medicine in Munich and Leipzig, earning his MD from the University of Leipzig in 1874. Afterwards he served as a physician in the Bavarian Army. In 1880 he became a lecturer at the University of Munich, where in 1894 he succeeded Max von Pettenkofer as professor and director of the institute of hygiene. At Munich, he was an associate of Max von Gruber .
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Jakob Erdheim
1874 - 1937 (63 years)
Jakob Erdheim was an Austrian pathologist. He is credited with the characterization of Erdheim–Chester disease and cystic medial necrosis. He was born into a Jewish family in Boryslav. In 1901 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Vienna, later working as an assistant at the institute of pathological anatomy in Vienna. In 1913 he became habilitated for pathological anatomy, and in 1916 was named director of the pathological-anatomical institute at Vienna city hospital. From 1924 onward, he was associated with the "Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien-Lainz".
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Hans Knöll
1913 - 1978 (65 years)
Hans Knöll was a German physician and microbiologist. He was the director of the Central Institute of Microbiology and Experimental Therapy in Jena from 1953 to 1976, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic , and professor of bacteriology at the University of Jena. He was awarded the National Prize of the GDR in 1949 and 1952. In the late 1960s he got involved in an effort to save the historic center of Jena, protesting against the "socialist" urban development plans.
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Edward Gamaliel Janeway
1841 - 1911 (70 years)
Edward Gamaliel Janeway was an American physician who served as Health Commissioner of New York, and as president of the New York Medical Journal Association in the late nineteenth century. He was considered "one of America's premier internists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries".
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Leopold Auerbach
1828 - 1897 (69 years)
Leopold Auerbach was a German anatomist and neuropathologist born in Breslau. He is best known for discovering the myenteric plexus aka Auerbach’s plexus, which helps control the GI tract. Education and career Auerbach studied medicine at the Universities of Breslau, Berlin and the Leipzig. He became a physician in 1849, obtained his habilitation in 1863. From 1872 he was an associate professor of neuropathology at the University of Breslau.
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Eduard Daniël van Oort
1876 - 1933 (57 years)
Eduard Daniël van Oort was a Dutch ornithologist. Oort was in charge of the bird collections at the Rijksmuseum of Natural History in Leiden; in 1915 he was made Director of this museum, a position which he held until his death. He was the author of Ornithologia Neerlandica, de vogels van Nederland , with plates by Marinus Adrianus Koekkoek . These plates were later licensed by Harry Witherby for use in The Handbook of British Birds .
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Alice Middleton Boring
1883 - 1955 (72 years)
Alice Middleton Boring was an American biologist, zoologist, and herpetologist, who taught biology and did research in the United States and China. Early life and education Alice Middleton Boring was born in 1883 in Philadelphia. Her family originally settled in the Americas in the 17th century. Her relatives were involved in the Moravian Church, which would greatly influence Alice's upbringing. Boring attended the Friends' Central School, a coeducational school where she excelled in the sciences.
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Ugolino Martelli
1860 - 1934 (74 years)
Ugolino Martelli was an Italian botanist, biologist, and mycologist. Martelli is known for his studies of and contributions to the systematics of the tropical genus Pandanus and his taxonomic definition of the flora of Sardinia. He also specialized in studies of the flora of Tuscany and Malaysia.
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Albertina Carlsson
1848 - 1930 (82 years)
Albertina Carlsson , was a Swedish zoologist. She is referred to as the first Swedish woman to have performed scientific studies in zoology. Carlsson was born to taylor A.P. Carlsson and A.M. Jönsson. She was given private tuition and educated herself at the Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm, 1865–68. She was employed as a teacher at the Paulis elementarläroverk för flickor in 1870–81 and at Södermalms högre läroanstalt för flickor in 1881–1907.
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Aleksandr Kots
1880 - 1964 (84 years)
Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kots was a Soviet and Russian zoologist and founding director of the State Darwin Museum in Moscow. His wife was the animal behaviourist Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts. Biography Kots was born in Borisoglebsk, Tambov to Berlin-born linguist and botanist Alfred Kots and Evgenia Alexandrovna née Grassman. He began to collect natural history specimens at a young age and was educated at the Moscow classical gymnasium. He learned to stuff and prepare animal specimens from F. Yuri Felman and received a gold medal for his taxidermy in 1896. With references from Theodore K. Lorenz an...
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Ernest Tyzzer
1875 - 1965 (90 years)
Ernest Edward Tyzzer was an American physician, pathologist and parasitologist. He was involved in cancer research but is particularly noted for his work in parasitology, describing numerous new species of avian parasites in a career spanning 40 years.
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Franklin P. Mall
1862 - 1917 (55 years)
Franklin Paine Mall was an American anatomist and pathologist known for his research and literature in the fields of anatomy and embryology. Mall was granted a fellowship for the Department of Pathology at the Johns Hopkins University and after positions at other universities, later returned to be the head of the first Anatomy Department at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. There, he reformed the field of anatomy and its educational curriculum. Mall was the founder and the first chief of the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution for Science. He later donated his collection ...
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Otto Wilhelm Sonder
1812 - 1881 (69 years)
Otto Wilhelm Sonder was a German botanist and pharmacist. Life A native of Holstein, Sonder studied at Kiel University, where he sat pharmaceutical examinations in 1835, before becoming the proprietor of a pharmacy in Hamburg from 1841 to 1878. In 1846 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Königsberg and was elected a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina for his contribution to the field of botany.
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Nikolai Turczaninow
1796 - 1863 (67 years)
Nikolai Stepanovich Turczaninow was a Russian botanist and plant collector who first identified several genera, and many species, of plants. Education and career Born in 1796, Turczaninow attended high school in Kharkov. In 1814, he graduated from Kharkov University, before working as a civil servant for the Ministry of Finance in St. Petersburg. Soon after, in 1825, Turczaninow published his first botanical list. Despite being employed in a different field, he continued his largely self-taught botanical work.
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Albert Dastre
1844 - 1917 (73 years)
Albert Dastre was a French physiologist born in Paris. He studied and worked under Claude Bernard and Paul Bert in Paris and attained the chair of general physiology at the Sorbonne in 1886. In 1904, Dastre became a member of the Académie des Sciences. One of his better-known assistants was Romanian physiologist Nicolae Paulescu , who was the discoverer of insulin.
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Umberto D'Ancona
1896 - 1964 (68 years)
Umberto D’Ancona was an Italian biologist. He attended secondary school in Fiume and later enrolled as a student in the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Budapest. During World War I he interrupted his studies to fight as artillery officer, and became wounded and was decorated for military valor. From 1916 to 1920 he studied at the University of Rome under supervision of Giulio Cotronei. He graduated on a thesis on the effect of starvation on the digestive tract of the eel.
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Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel
1868 - 1942 (74 years)
Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel was a botanist, mycologist and plant pathologist, especially an expert on rust fungi. He lived in the Russian Empire and then in the Soviet Union. He graduated from Saint Petersburg University in 1889 and became an assistant at the Imperial Forestry Institute in Saint Petersburg. 1898–1900, he was stationed at the University of Warsaw, but soon returned to Saint Petersburg and took a position a curator at the Botanic Garden of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. He remained affiliated with the Academy for the remainder of his career, from 1912 as senior botanist....
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Emil Johann Lambert Heinricher
1856 - 1934 (78 years)
Emil Johann Lambert Heinricher was an Austrian botanist from Laibach . In 1879 he received his doctorate from the University of Graz, where after graduation, he served as an assistant to botanist Hubert Leitgeb. In 1889 he became an associate professor of botany, which was followed by a full professorship at the University of Innsbruck in 1891. While at Innsbruck, he created a new botanical garden in nearby Hötting. Through support from the Austrian Academy of Sciences, he took part in a study trip to Java . While there, he spent time working at the Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens .
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Heinrich Moritz Willkomm
1821 - 1895 (74 years)
Heinrich Moritz Willkomm was a German botanist who served as a professor of botany at Tharandt, the University of Dorpat and at the University of Prague. He travelled widely across Spain and Portugal and became a specialist on the flora of the Iberian region.
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Julius Vincenz von Krombholz
1782 - 1843 (61 years)
Julius Vincenz von Krombholz was a physician and mycologist born in Oberpolitz , northern Bohemia. He studied medicine at the University of Prague, receiving his doctorate in 1814. In 1828 he was appointed professor of special pathology and therapy. At Prague, he used his influence to help the penniless August Carl Joseph Corda get admitted to the university. In 1831 he was named rector of the university.
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Johannes Müller Argoviensis
1828 - 1896 (68 years)
Johann Müller was a Swiss botanist who was a specialist in lichens. He published under the name Johannes Müller Argoviensis to distinguish himself from other naturalists with similar names. Biography Müller was born into a farming family on 9 May 1828 in Teufenthal, Switzerland. He received his education at the Reinach gymnasium and then entered the Aargau industrial school, where he was passionate about botany and mathematics. Encouraged by Hans Schinz he built a herbarium of the flora of Aargau. In 1850 and 1851 he studied in Geneva and came into contact with prominent botanists Edmond Boi...
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William Nylander
1822 - 1899 (77 years)
William Nylander was a Finnish botanist and entomologist. Nylander was born in Oulu, and taught at the University of Helsinki before moving to Paris, where he lived until his death in 1899. Nylander studied medicine, receiving a degree in 1847. Nylander pioneered the technique of determining the taxonomy of lichens by the use of chemical reagents, such as potassium hydroxide, tinctures of iodine and calcium hypochlorite, still used by lichenologists as the K and C tests.
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Albrecht Bethe
1872 - 1954 (82 years)
Albrecht Julius Theodor Bethe was a German physiologist. He was the father of physicist Hans Bethe . He studied at the universities of Freiburg, Munich , Berlin and Strasbourg ; receiving his PhD in 1895 at Munich. From 1896 to 1911 he worked at the institute of physiology in Strasbourg, where in 1898 he obtained his doctorate in medicine. In 1911 he became a professor of physiology at the University of Kiel, and four years later, relocated as a professor to the University of Frankfurt. In 1937 he was relieved of his professorial duties at Frankfurt , only to have them reinstated following th...
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Friedrich Goll
1829 - 1903 (74 years)
Friedrich Goll was a Swiss neuroanatomist born in Zofingen, a town located in the canton of Aargau. In 1853 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Zurich, and furthered his education in Paris, where he studied under physiologist Claude Bernard . Afterwards he returned to Zurich, where from 1855, he worked as a general practitioner of medicine. In 1862 he became habilitated for special pathology and pharmacology at the University of Zurich, where from 1863 to 1869, he was director of the medical polyclinic. From 1885 to 1901 he served as an associate professor of pharmacology...
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Alexandru Borza
1887 - 1971 (84 years)
Alexandru Borza was a Romanian botanist, Greek-Catholic priest and honorary archpriest of Cluj. As part of a group of professors, physicians, soldiers, and others, he helped bring Scouting to Romania.
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Hugo Ribbert
1855 - 1920 (65 years)
Hugo Ribbert was a German professor of pathology. Ribbert studied at Bonn, Berlin and Strassburg. In 1883 he was appointed Professor extraordinarius at Bonn. In 1892 he became professor at Zurich. In 1900 he moved to Marburg University; in 1903 he moved to Göttingen University; and in 1905 he returned to Bonn.
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Karl Slotta
1895 - 1987 (92 years)
Karl Heinrich Slotta , was a biochemist. His discovery of progesterone and its relationship to ovulation led to the development of birth control pills. Life Slotta was drafted into military service in World War I. After the war, he began his hormone research at the Chemical Institute in Breslau, Germany, under the guidance of Professor Ludwig Fraenkel. He obtained his PhD in chemistry from the University of Breslau in 1923 where he discovered that the biguanided metformin lowers the blood glucose concentration in rabbits. He continued post-doc work at the university with guidance from Profess...
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Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst
1777 - 1857 (80 years)
Johann Ludwig Christian Carl Gravenhorst , sometimes Jean Louis Charles or Carl, was a German entomologist, herpetologist, and zoologist. Life Gravenhorst was born in Braunschweig. His early interest in insects was encouraged by two of his professors, both amateur entomologists. He entered the University of Helmstedt to study law in 1797. However, the death of his father two years later left him a great fortune; so he was able to change his direction. He enrolled at the University of Göttingen where he followed the courses of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. He returned to present his thesis to Helmstädt on a subject of entomology.
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Alfred Kohn
1867 - 1959 (92 years)
Alfred Kohn headed the Institute of Histology at the Medical Faculty of German University in Prague for 26 years. He discovered the nature and origin of parathyroid glands and pioneered research on chromaffin cells and sympathetic paraganglia. Kohn's papers covered topics including the pituitary, interstitial cells of testes, and ovaries, all of which relate to endocrinology. All of his studies were based on descriptive and comparative histological and embryological observations. Kohn was twice the dean of German Medical Faculty, and an honorary member of many scientific societies. He was repeatedly nominated for Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine.
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Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim
1888 - 1948 (60 years)
Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim was a Soviet botanist of German descent. He traveled widely over the Caucasus region collecting and studying various different plant life. He is most known for Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes species.
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Pierre Dominique Delmas
#16543
Hubert Lyman Clark
1870 - 1947 (77 years)
Hubert Lyman Clark was an American zoologist. The son of Professor William Smith Clark, he was born at Amherst, Massachusetts, and educated at Amherst College and Johns Hopkins University. From 1899 to 1905 he was professor of biology at Olivet College. Beginning in 1905, Clark worked as assistant in invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. He was curator of echinoderms from 1910 to 1927, and curator of marine invertebrates and associate professor of zoology beginning 1927. He was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1947.
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Carl Sprengel
1787 - 1859 (72 years)
Karl or Philipp Carl Sprengel was a German botanist from Schillerslage . Sprengel worked under Albrecht Thaer in Celle. He then worked from 1804 to 1808 with Heinrich Einhof in Möglin on agricultural studies. He travelled the world between 1810 and 1820, exploring agricultural ideas in Asia, Americas and Mesopotamia. Between 1821 and 1828, he studied natural sciences in Göttingen, where he eventually became professor. In the early 1830s, he moved to Regenwalde , where he accepted position of the Chairman of the Pomorskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne , which he held for the rest of his life. Havi...
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Otto Binswanger
1852 - 1929 (77 years)
Otto Ludwig Binswanger was a Swiss psychiatrist and neurologist who came from a famous family of physicians; his father was founder of the Kreuzlingen Sanatorium, and he was uncle to Ludwig Binswanger who was a major figure in the existential psychology movement. He was brother-in-law to physiotherapist Heinrich Averbeck . Other notable family members include his son-in-law Hans-Constantin Paulssen , who was the first president of the BDA .
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Albert Bernhard Frank
1839 - 1900 (61 years)
Albert Bernhard Frank was a German botanist, plant pathologist, and mycologist, born in Dresden. He is credited with coining the term mycorrhiza in his 1885 paper "Über die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch unterirdische Pilze".
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Alfred Henry Garrod
1846 - 1879 (33 years)
Alfred Henry Garrod FRS was an English vertebrate zoologist. Garrod was born in London, the eldest son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod , a physician at King's College Hospital, who discovered the abnormal uric acid metabolism associated with gout. He was also the eldest brother of Archibald Edward Garrod , an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism.
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John Hill
1716 - 1775 (59 years)
Sir John Hill was an English composer, actor, author and botanist. He contributed to contemporary periodicals and engaged in literary battles with poets, playwrights and scientists. He is remembered for his illustrated botanical compendium The Vegetable System, one of the first works to use the nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus. In recognition of his efforts, he was created a knight of the Order of Vasa in 1774 by Gustav III of Sweden and thereafter called himself Sir John Hill.
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Caspar Stoll
1725 - 1791 (66 years)
Caspar Stoll was a naturalist and entomologist, best known for the completion of De Uitlandsche Kapellen, a work on butterflies begun by Pieter Cramer. He also published several works of his own on other insect groups. Stoll's 1787 publication on stick insects, mantises, and their relatives is also well known. It was translated into French in 1813.
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Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen
1775 - 1853 (78 years)
Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen was a German botanist specializing in the field of bryology. In 1799 he obtained his medical doctorate from the University of Leipzig, where he was later an associate professor of natural history and afterwards a full professor on the same subject . Concurrently, he served as an associate professor of botany at Leipzig.
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