The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
Students and researchers now have a fast and reliable way to find influential thinkers from 24 disciplines and 300 sub-disciplines (and growing). If you want to find history’s most influential philsosophers, or the world’s most influential mathematicians currently, now you can.
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List of the most influential people in Biology,
#20301
Paolo Enriques
1878 - 1932 (54 years)
Paolo Enriques was an Italian zoologist of Portuguese-Jewish descent. He was the brother of mathematician Federigo Enriques and the brother-in-law of another mathematician Guido Castelnuovo who married their sister Elbina. He married Maria Clotilde Agnoletti Fusconi and was the father of Anna Maria Enriques Agnoletti and Enzo Enriques Agnoletti. Enriques taught Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at the University of Sassari , then in 1922 he became Professor of Zoology in the University of Padua University, and Director of the Institute of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. He was primarily interested in comparative cytology, physiology and genetics.
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Carl Owen Dunbar
1891 - 1979 (88 years)
Carl Owen Dunbar was an American paleontologist who specialized in invertebrate fossils. He was a Professor of Geology at Yale University from 1920 until 1959. He was also Director of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University from 1942 until 1959. As editor of a textbook series on historical geology from the 1920s through the 1950s, his work was published and sold in over 1 million books.
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Konstanty Janicki
1876 - 1932 (56 years)
Konstanty Stanisław Janicki was a Polish zoologist who specialized in parasitology. An influential teacher and professor at the University of Warsaw, he is considered as the founder of parasitology research in Poland.
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Nils Holmgren
1877 - 1954 (77 years)
Nils Frithiof Holmgren was a Swedish zoologist and comparative anatomist. He was professor of zoology at Stockholm University from 1921 to 1944. In 1906 Holmgren defended his doctoral dissertation at Stockholm University. In 1912 he became a teacher there, and in 1919 assistant professor of zoology, and in 1921 full professor. His early work focussed on the biology, systematics and anatomy of insects, especially termites, as in and . In later work he focused on the structure of the brain in worms, arthropods and vertebrates, publishing , , , Points of view concerning forebrain morphol...
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Friedrich Zschokke
1860 - 1936 (76 years)
Friedrich Zschokke was a Swiss zoologist and parasitologist. He was the grandson of writer Heinrich Zschokke. He studied zoology in Lausanne and Geneva, earning his doctorate at the latter institution in 1884. In 1889 he became an associate professor, and from 1893 to 1931 was a full professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Basel. In 1900 he was named university rector.
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Marianne Plehn
1863 - 1946 (83 years)
Marianne Plehn was a German zoologist. She was the first woman to be awarded a doctorate at the ETH Zurich and the first woman to be appointed as professor in Bavaria in 1914. Plehn is commemorated in the names of three polyclads and 12 disease agents of fishes. The breadth of her research on diseases of fishes defined the scientific study in this area. She published 114 scientific papers on the subject. She worked with Bruno Hofer and has been honoured as one of the founders of fish pathology.
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Marin Molliard
1866 - 1944 (78 years)
Marin Molliard was a French botanist. From 1888 he studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he successively earned degrees in mathematics , physics and natural sciences . In 1892 he obtained his agrégation, and two years later became chef de travaux to the faculty of sciences at Paris. In 1922 he became a lecturer at the École Normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud, and from 1923 to 1936 served as director of the laboratory of plant biology in Avon. In 1937 he received the title of honorary professor.
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Ludwik Sitowski
1880 - 1947 (67 years)
Ludwik Sitowski was a Polish zoologist. In 1925-1926 he was rector of the University of Poznań during an economic crisis. Of his notable works, On the Inheritance of Aniline Dye is amongst them and was published on 3 September 1909.
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Cyril A. Stebbins
1880 - 1953 (73 years)
Cyril Adelbert Stebbins was an American educator involved with nature and agricultural education. His publications in the early twentieth century were influential in promoting gardening in children's education, and he wrote much of the curriculum for the United States School Garden Army, a federal victory garden project during World War I. He wrote several publications with Ernest Brown Babcock and published several field guides to birds with his son Robert C. Stebbins.
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Nikolai Maximov
1880 - 1952 (72 years)
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Maximov was a Russian-Soviet plant physiologist. He examined frost damage and looked at frost resistance and noted that damage was caused mechanically by ice crystals and that resistance involved osmotic control of cell sap. He also found that drought resistance was not achieved by plants merely through reduction of transpiration but by other stress tolerance mechanisms. He has been considered the founder of ecological plant physiology research in the Soviet Union.
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Vladimir Palladin
1859 - 1922 (63 years)
Vladimir Ivanovich Palladin was a Russian and Soviet biochemist and botanist, a member of Saint Petersburg of Academy of Sciences. After graduating in 1883 from the Moscow State University, in 1886 he defended a PhD and in 1889 a habilitation on the role of oxygen in metabolism in plants. He later became professor of universities in Kharkiv , Warsaw and Saint Petersburg . Palladin is one of the founders of the theory of metabolism in plants and of a school of Russian scientists studying the associated processes. His son Aleksandr Palladin became president of Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
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Johan Erik Vesti Boas
1855 - 1935 (80 years)
Johan Erik Vesti Boas , also J.E.V. Boas, was a Danish zoologist and a disciple of Carl Gegenbaur and Steenstrup. During the beginning and end of his career, Johan Erik Vesti Boas worked at the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. However, during an intervening period of 35 years, Boas worked with the Veterinary and Agricultural University of Copenhagen, because Boas had felt ignored at the appointment of the museum curator post, which went, instead, to G.M.R. Levinsen .Trizocheles boasi Forest, 1987Paromolopsis boasi
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Freda Detmers
1867 - 1934 (67 years)
Frederica "Freda" Detmers was an American botanist. Life and education Detmers was born in Dixon, Lee County, Illinois, on January 16, 1867, to Henry Detmers and Heimke. Her father was the founder of the Ohio State University Veterinary College. She studied at the University, graduating in 1887 with a B.S. She returned to graduate with an M.S. in 1891.
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Hermann von Ihering
1850 - 1930 (80 years)
Hermann Friedrich Albert von Ihering was a German-Brazilian zoologist. He was the oldest son of Rudolf von Jhering. Biography Hermann Friedrich Albert von Ihering was born in 1850 in Kiel, Germany, the oldest son of Rudolf von Jhering.
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Johan Hjort
1869 - 1948 (79 years)
Johan Hjort was a Norwegian fisheries scientist, marine zoologist, and oceanographer. He was among the most prominent and influential marine zoologists of his time. The early years Johan Hjort was the first child of Johan S. A. Hjort, a professor of ophthalmology, and Elisabeth Falsen, of the Falsen family. Among his siblings was the engineer Alf Hjort, who became a leader of subwater tunnel constructions in New York City. Johan Hjort had wanted to become a zoologist since his early schooldays, but to please his father he took initial courses in medicine, before following Fridtjof Nansen's advice and his own wish, leaving for the University of Munich to study zoology with Richard Hertwig.
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Detlev Müller
1899 - 1993 (94 years)
Detlev Müller was a Professor of Botany at the University of Copenhagen. He is best known for discovering the enzyme, glucose oxidase, in 1925. In 1928, he was experimenting with the common fungus, Aspergillus niger. Müller noted that this fungus prevented some bacteria colonies from growing. He eventually found that these bacteria could only thrive adjacent to Aspergillus niger if glucose was not present. He eventually isolated the factor that caused the curious effect. The factor was glucose oxidase. In the presence of glucose, the glucose oxidase produced hydrogen peroxide, which killed off...
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Georg Klebs
1857 - 1918 (61 years)
Georg Albrecht Klebs was a German botanist from Neidenburg , Prussia. His brother was the historian Elimar Klebs. Life Klebs studied chemistry, philosophy, and art history at the University of Königsberg and became an assistant to Anton de Bary at the University of Strassburg. After his military service, Klebs became an assistant to Julius Sachs at the University of Würzburg and Wilhelm Pfeffer at the University of Tübingen. He became a professor at the University of Basel in 1887, the University of Halle in 1898, and the University of Heidelberg in 1907, where he founded today's botanical ga...
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Franz Alexander
1891 - 1964 (73 years)
Franz Gabriel Alexander was a Hungarian-American psychoanalyst and physician, who is considered one of the founders of psychosomatic medicine and psychoanalytic criminology. Life Franz Gabriel Alexander, in Hungarian Alexander Ferenc Gábor, was born into a Jewish family in Budapest in 1891, his father was Bernhard Alexander, a philosopher and literary critic, his nephew was Alfréd Rényi, a Hungarian mathematician who made contributions in combinatorics, graph theory, number theory but mostly in probability theory. Alexander studied in Berlin; there he was part of an influential group of Germa...
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Camille Sauvageau
1861 - 1936 (75 years)
Camille François Sauvageau was a French botanist and phycologist. Sauvageau was born in Angers. He studied at the University of Montpellier, receiving his degree in natural sciences in 1884. Afterwards he served as an assistant to Charles Flahault in Montpellier and to Philippe Van Tieghem in Paris. In 1891 he received his doctorate in Paris with the thesis "Sur les feuilles de quelques Monocotylédones aquatiques" . In 1892 he attained a professorship at the University of Lyon, later serving as a professor of botany at the Faculty of Sciences of Bordeaux .
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Walther Wangerin
1884 - 1938 (54 years)
Walther Wangerin was a German botanist. He studied mathematics and natural sciences at the University of Halle, receiving his doctorate in 1906. Following graduation, he worked as an assistant to Adolf Engler at the botanical garden in Berlin-Dahlem. In 1909 he became a schoolteacher in Burg bei Magdeburg, and from 1913 taught classes at the technical school in Danzig. In 1920 he was appointed divisional director at the Danzig Museum of Natural History and Prehistory.
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Léon Fredericq
1851 - 1935 (84 years)
Léon Fredericq was a Belgian physiologist. He conducted pioneering experiments on blood physiology, and discovered the copper-based hemocyanin of octopuses. He also examined gas-exchange, the working of the heart, and the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen by blood. He served as a professor at the University of Liège from 1879.
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Wilhelm Haacke
1855 - 1912 (57 years)
Johann Wilhelm Haacke was a German zoologist born in Clenze, which is now Lower Saxony, who served as Director of the South Australian Museum in Adelaide from 1882 to 1884. Career He studied zoology at the University of Jena, earning his doctorate in 1878. Afterwards he worked as an assistant of Ernst Haeckel in Jena and at the university of Kiel. In 1881 he emigrated to New Zealand, working at the museums in Dunedin, under Professor Parker, and Christchurch under Professor von Haast.
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Ernest James Goddard
1883 - 1948 (65 years)
Ernest James Goddard , was an Australian professor of biology. Education Ernest James Goddard was born on 20 February 1883 in Newcastle, New South Wales, one of six sons born to Alfred and Elizabeth Goddard. He attended Maitland High School and then his family moved to Sydney for his and his brother's education at the University of Sydney where he studied first a B.A. in 1904, and then took a BSc in 1906, with honours in zoology and palaeontology.
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Ludwig Heinrich Philipp Döderlein
1855 - 1936 (81 years)
Ludwig Heinrich Philipp Döderlein was a German zoologist. He specialized in echinoderms, particularly sea stars, sea urchins, and crinoids. He was one of the first European zoologists to have the opportunity to do research work in Japan from 1879 to 1881. Today, he is considered one of the most important pioneers of marine biological research in Japan.
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Willy Kükenthal
1861 - 1922 (61 years)
Willy Georg Kükenthal was a German zoologist. He was the older brother of botanist and theologian Georg Kükenthal . Kükenthal specialized in the Octocorallia and on marine mammals. He edited, along with Thilo Krumbach, a landmark series of eight volumes in the Handbuch der Zoologie series which extensively reviewed and compiled the state of zoological knowledge of the time.
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Heinrich Otto Wilhelm Bürger
1865 - 1945 (80 years)
Heinrich Otto Wilhelm Bürger was a German zoologist who specialised in Nemertea. He studied at several universities and at Stazione Zoologica in Naples. He gained his doctorate at the University of Göttingen under Ernst Ehlers. Between 1900 and 1908, he was Professor and Director of theZoology museum in Santiago de Chile. He later, still in South America, lived as a gentleman scientist, travel writer and economic geographer.
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Carlos Bruch
1869 - 1943 (74 years)
Franz Karl Bruch or Carlos Bruch was a German-born Argentinian entomologist and archaeological collector. He worked at the La Plata Museum. Early life Karl was born in Munich to Christian Bruch. Christian ran a printing shop which he sold in 1887 and the family moved to Argentina to work with a South American Banknote Company in Buenos Aires. Karl, now Carlos, joined the Museum of La Plata which needed a photographic and printing assistant under Francisco P. Moreno. From 1888 to 1891, Christian and Carl helped set up the press in the Museum that allowed Moreno to produce scientific publicatio...
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Victor von Ebner
1842 - 1925 (83 years)
Anton Gilbert Victor von Ebner, Ritter von Rofenstein was an Austrian anatomist and histologist. Early life and education Victor von Ebner was a native of Bregenz. He was a student at the Universities of Göttingen, where he became member of Burschenschaft Hannovera , later Vienna , and Graz . In 1866 he earned his doctorate from the University of Vienna.
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Odo Reuter
1850 - 1913 (63 years)
Odo Morannal Reuter was a Swedo-Finnish zoologist and poet. Early life He was born in Åbo on 28 April 1850, and died there on 2 September 1913. Reuter became a student at the University of Helsinki in 1867. He gained his master's degree in 1873, followed by a doctorate in 1877, when he became an associate professor of zoology.
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Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssière
1854 - 1942 (88 years)
Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssière was a French scientist, a biologist, specifically a malacologist and entomologist, i.e. someone who studies mollusks, and insects. Within the Mollusca, Vayssière specialized in sea slugs and bubble snails, i.e. marine opisthobranch gastropods. He made significant contributions towards a better understanding of the general biology, phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and ecological distribution of the group.
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Gaston Bonnier
1853 - 1922 (69 years)
Gaston Eugène Marie Bonnier was a French botanist and plant ecologist. Biography Bonnier first studied at École Normale Supérieure in Paris from 1873 to 1876. Together with Charles Flahault, he studied at Uppsala University in 1878. They published two articles about their impressions:Observations sur la flore cryptogamique de la ScandinavieSur la distribution des végétaux dans la region moyenne de la presqu’ile Scandinave He became assistant professor, later full professor, of botany at Sorbonne in 1887 and, in addition, he founded a Plant Biological Laboratory in Fontainebleau in 1889. The ...
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Urbain-Louis-Eugène Léger
1866 - 1948 (82 years)
Urbain-Louis-Eugène Léger was a French zoologist who was a specialist on aquatic protists, fish parasites, and fish farming. He served as a professor of zoology at Grenoble. Léger was born in Loches, son of a school teacher. He grew up in Touraine and went to the University of Poitiers where he studied under Aimé Schneider, receiving a doctorate for studies on gregarines. He then worked in Marseilles and studied medicine, receiving a medical degree in 1895 for studies on arteries in the aged. He became a lecturer at Grenoble in 1898 and became a full professor in 1904. Léger's researches included work on the Gregarinida in collaboration with Octave Duboscq.
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Élie Metchnikoff
1845 - 1916 (71 years)
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov , also spelled Élie Metchnikoff, was a zoologist from the Russian Empire of Romanian noble ancestry best known for his pioneering research in immunology. He and Paul Ehrlich were jointly awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "in recognition of their work on immunity".
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Gustav Schellenberg
1882 - 1963 (81 years)
Gustav August Ludwig David Schellenberg was a German botanist and newspaper publisher. He was born and died in Wiesbaden. Schellenberg was a botanist in Zurich, Berlin, Kiel and Göttingen. He lectured in Kiel and Göttingen from 1925 to 1934. One of his specialties was the plant family Connaraceae. Schellenberg's family had owned the weekly Wiesbadener Tagblatt newspaper since its founding in the 1840s, and in 1949 Schellenberg restarted the newspaper and served as its publisher.
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Raphaël Blanchard
1857 - 1919 (62 years)
Raphaël Anatole Émile Blanchard was a French physician and naturalist who was a pioneer of medical zoology, with studies on parasites ranging from protozoa to worms and insects. Blanchard was born in Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais. He was a great grand nephew of the balloonist and parachute inventor Jean Pierre Blanchard. He went to study medicine in Paris in 1874. He became interested in zoology and worked at the laboratory at the École des Hautes-Études where he became a histological preparator for Charles Robin and Georges Pouchet, the latter influencing him towards studies on experimental teratology .
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William Grant Craib
1882 - 1933 (51 years)
William Grant Craib was a British botanist. Craib was Regius Professor of Botany at Aberdeen University and later worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Life Craib was born in Banff, Aberdeenshire in northern Scotland on 10 March 1882 and he was educated at Banff Academy and Fordyce Academy. He entered Aberdeen University as an Art student but due to problems with his eyes he left and worked for a while on a ship as an engineer. When his eyes were better, he returned to Aberdeen University and took a Master of Arts degree. He was ready to study for his Bachelor of Science degree, but he ...
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Robert Bonnet
1851 - 1921 (70 years)
Robert Bonnet was a German anatomist born in Augsburg. In 1876 he received his doctorate at Munich, where in 1880 he began work as an assistant at the anatomical institute. The following year, he was appointed professor at the Königliche Centraltierarzneischule in Munich. In 1889 he became an associate professor at the University of Würzburg, and two years later was appointed full professor of anatomy and director of the anatomical institute at Giessen. Later in his career, he served as a professor at the Universities of Greifswald and Bonn .
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Alice Rich Northrop
1864 - 1922 (58 years)
Alice Rich Northrop was an American botanist. She was known for expanding access to nature for New York City's public school children. Northrop traveled extensively to regions of the world where women did not usually venture, including Central America, the Caribbean, and Western North America. On a trip to the Bahamas, she and her husband, John Isaiah Northrop, discovered 18 new species. Her husband was killed in a laboratory accident in 1891, a week before their son was born.
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Ermanno Giglio-Tos
1865 - 1926 (61 years)
Ermanno Giglio-Tos was an Italian entomologist. Giglio-Tos was born at Chiaverano, Turin, and studied at the University of Turin from 1886 until 1896 under Michele Lessona. Later he was a professor at the University of Cagliari. He specialised in Diptera, Mantodea, Phasmatodea, Orthoptera and Blattodea. His collections are in the Turin Museum of Natural History. He died, aged 61, in his home city of Turin.
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Charles Darwin
1809 - 1882 (73 years)
Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now generally accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has b...
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Carl Linnaeus
1707 - 1778 (71 years)
Carl Linnaeus , also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin; his name is rendered in Latin as and, after his 1761 ennoblement, as .
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Ernst Haeckel
1834 - 1919 (85 years)
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel was a German zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist and artist. He discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms and coined many terms in biology, including ecology, phylum, phylogeny, and Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the influential but no longer widely held recapitulation theory claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its s...
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Louis Pasteur
1822 - 1895 (73 years)
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him. His research in chemistry led to remarkable breakthroughs in the understanding of the causes and preventions of diseases, which laid down the foundations of hygiene, public health and much of modern medicine. Pasteur's works are credited with saving millions of lives through the developments of vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern bacteriology and has ...
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Gregor Mendel
1822 - 1884 (62 years)
Gregor Johann Mendel OSA was a German-Czech biologist, meteorologist, mathematician, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno , Margraviate of Moravia. Mendel was born in a German-speaking family in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Men...
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Georges Cuvier
1769 - 1832 (63 years)
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier , known as Georges Cuvier , was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuvier was a major figure in natural sciences research in the early 19th century and was instrumental in establishing the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology through his work in comparing living animals with fossils.
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J. B. S. Haldane
1892 - 1964 (72 years)
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane , nicknamed "Jack" or "JBS", was a British-Indian scientist who worked in physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and mathematics. With innovative use of statistics in biology, he was one of the founders of neo-Darwinism. He served in the Great War, and obtained the rank of captain. Despite his lack of an academic degree in the field, he taught biology at the University of Cambridge, the Royal Institution, and University College London. Renouncing his British citizenship, he became an Indian citizen in 1961 and worked at the Indian Statistical Institute for t...
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Alfred Russel Wallace
1823 - 1913 (90 years)
Alfred Russel Wallace was an English naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, biologist and illustrator. He independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection; his 1858 paper on the subject was published that year alongside extracts from Charles Darwin's earlier writings on the topic. It spurred Darwin to set aside the "big species book" he was drafting and quickly write an abstract of it, which was published in 1859 as On the Origin of Species.
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Thomas Henry Huxley
1825 - 1895 (70 years)
Thomas Henry Huxley was an English biologist and anthropologist who specialized in comparative anatomy. He has become known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
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Richard Owen
1804 - 1892 (88 years)
Sir Richard Owen was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist. Owen is generally considered to have been an outstanding naturalist with a remarkable gift for interpreting fossils.
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Trofim Lysenko
1898 - 1976 (78 years)
Trofim Denisovich Lysenko was a Soviet agronomist and pseudo-scientist. He was a strong proponent of Lamarckism, and rejected Mendelian genetics in favour of his own idiosyncratic, pseudoscientific ideas later termed Lysenkoism.
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