Search People Result | Academic Influence

Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines

Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.

Students and researchers now have a fast and reliable way to find influential thinkers from 24 disciplines and 300 sub-disciplines (and growing). If you want to find history’s most influential philsosophers, or the world’s most influential mathematicians currently, now you can.

We also provide custom rankings of people by discipline as well as interviews with influential academics who are currently active.

To use this tool, select the discipline (and optional subdiscipline) relevant to your research, and specify influential academics by history, world, or US. Even results that are counterintuitive are often enlightening (our algorithm always picks up a signal).

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List of the most influential people in Communications,

#15201

Katherine Kennicott Davis

Katherine Kennicott Davis

1892 - 1980 (88 years)

Katherine Kennicott Davis was an American composer, pianist, arranger, and teacher, whose most well-known composition is the Christmas song "Carol of the Drum," later known as "The Little Drummer Boy".

#15202

Carl Flesch

1873 - 1944 (71 years)

Carl Flesch was a Hungarian violinist and teacher. Flesch’s compendium Scale System is a staple of violin pedagogy. Life and career Flesch was born in Moson in Hungary in 1873. He began playing the violin at seven years of age. At 10 he was taken to Vienna to study with Jakob Grün. At 17 he left for Paris, and joined the Conservatoire de Paris, studying with Martin Pierre Marsick. He settled in 1903 in Amsterdam, in 1908 in Berlin, and in 1934 in London.

#15203

William Croft

1678 - 1727 (49 years)

William Croft was an English composer and organist. Life Croft was born at the Manor House, Nether Ettington, Warwickshire. He was educated at the Chapel Royal under the instruction of John Blow, and remained there until 1698. Two years after this departure, he became organist of St. Anne's Church, Soho and he became an organist and 'Gentleman extraordinary' at the Chapel Royal. He shared that post with his friend Jeremiah Clarke.

#15204

David Rose

1910 - 1990 (80 years)

David Daniel Rose was a British-born American songwriter, composer, arranger, pianist, and orchestra leader. His best known compositions were "The Stripper", "Holiday for Strings", and "Calypso Melody". He also wrote music for many television series, including It's a Great Life, The Tony Martin Show, Little House on the Prairie, Highway to Heaven, Bonanza, Leave It to Beaver, and Highway Patrol, some under the pseudonym Ray Llewellyn. Rose's work as a composer for television programs earned him four Emmys. In addition, he was musical director for The Red Skelton Show during its 21-year run on the CBS and NBC networks.

#15205

Eduard Josef Wimmer-Wisgrill

1882 - 1961 (79 years)

Eduard Josef Wimmer-Wisgrill was an Austrian industrial designer, architect, and fashion designer. He was active in the first half of the 20th century. Wimmer is best known for his work in jewelry and garments for the Wiener Werkstätte, as well as for his contributions to the field of modern architecture.

#15206

Roger Wolfe Kahn

1907 - 1962 (55 years)

Roger Wolfe Kahn was an American jazz and popular musician, composer, bandleader and an aviator. Life and career Roger Wolfe Kahn was born in Morristown, New Jersey, into a wealthy German Jewish banking family. His parents were Adelaide "Addie" and Otto Hermann Kahn, a famous banker and patron of the arts. His maternal grandfather was banker Abraham Wolff. Otto and Roger Kahn were the first father and son to appear separately on the cover of Time magazine: Otto in November 1925 and Roger in September 1927, aged 19.

#15207

Thomas Attwood

1765 - 1838 (73 years)

Thomas Attwood was an English composer and organist. Early life The son of a musician in the royal band, Attwood was born in London, probably in Pimlico. At the age of nine he became a chorister in the Chapel Royal, where he received training in music from James Nares and Edmund Ayrton. In 1783 he was sent to study abroad at the expense of the Prince of Wales , who had been favourably impressed by his skill at the harpsichord. After two years in Naples, Attwood proceeded to Vienna, where he became a favourite pupil of Mozart. On his return to London in 1787 he held for a short time an appoint...

#15208

Sophie Jewett

1861 - 1909 (48 years)

Sophie Jewett , also known under the pseudonym Ellen Burroughs, was an American lyric poet, translator, and professor at Wellesley College. Much of her poetry contains lesbian themes. Family Jewett was born in Moravia, New York, one of four children of Charles Carroll Jewett, a doctor, and Ellen Ransom Jewett. Her mother died when she was 7 and her father when she was 9, after which she was raised by an uncle, Daniel Burroughs, and her grandmother in Buffalo. Her sister Louise became a noted art historian. In Buffalo, she developed a friendship with Mary Whiton Calkins, the daughter of her mi...

#15209

Richard Tucker

1913 - 1975 (62 years)

Richard Tucker was an American operatic tenor and cantor. Long associated with the Metropolitan Opera, Tucker's career was primarily centered in the United States. Early life Tucker was born Rivn Ticker in Brooklyn, New York, the youngest of five surviving children of Bessarabian Jewish parents who immigrated to the US in 1911. His father, Ysruel Ticker, and mother Fanya-Tsipa Ticker resisted using the anglicized "Tucker" their children adopted, but by the time their youngest son entered first grade, he was registered under the surname Tucker . His musical aptitude was discovered early, a...

#15210

Sonny Boy Williamson I

1914 - 1948 (34 years)

John Lee Curtis "Sonny Boy" Williamson was an American blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter. He is often regarded as the pioneer of the blues harp as a solo instrument. He played on hundreds of recordings by many pre–World War II blues artists. Under his own name, he was one of the most recorded blues musicians of the 1930s and 1940s and is closely associated with Chicago producer Lester Melrose and Bluebird Records. His popular songs, original or adapted, include "Good Morning, School Girl", "Sugar Mama", "Early in the Morning", and "Stop Breaking Down".

#15211

Elisabeth Treskow

1898 - 1992 (94 years)

Elisabeth Treskow was a German goldsmith and jewellery designer, one of the earliest professional women in the field. After serving an apprenticeship under in Munich, in 1923 she worked with the bookbinder Frida Schoy in the artists' colony in the Margarethenhöhe district of Essen. Around 1930, she rediscovered the Etruscan art of granulation and went on to win several first prizes in Germany as well as a Gold Medal at the 1937 Paris World Fair. Her work is in the collections of museums in Germany and abroad, including London's Victoria & Albert Museum and Cologne's Museum für Angewandte Kun...

#15212

Isidore de Lara

Isidore de Lara

1858 - 1935 (77 years)

Isidore de Lara, born Isidore Cohen , was an English composer and singer. After studying in Italy and France, he returned to England, where he taught for several years at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and became a well known singer and composer of art songs. In the early 1880s he began to compose music for the stage, eventually achieving his greatest successes with opera in Monte Carlo from the late 1890s through the outbreak of World War I. His most popular opera, Messaline , enjoyed frequent revivals throughout Europe and in the United States during the first quarter of the 20th century.

#15213

Ferdinand David

Ferdinand David

1810 - 1873 (63 years)

Ferdinand Ernst Victor Carl David was a German virtuoso violinist and composer. Biography Born in the same house in Hamburg where Felix Mendelssohn had been born the previous year, David was raised Jewish but later converted to Protestant Christianity. David was a pupil of Louis Spohr and Moritz Hauptmann from 1823 to 1824 and in 1826 became a violinist at Königstädtischen Theater in Berlin. In 1829 he was the first violinist of the string quartet of Baron Carl Gotthard von Liphardt in Dorpat, and he undertook concert tours in Riga, Saint Petersburg and Moscow. In 1835 he became concertmaster at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig working with Mendelssohn.

#15214

Duke Pearson

1932 - 1980 (48 years)

Columbus Calvin "Duke" Pearson Jr. was an American jazz pianist and composer. Allmusic describes him as having a "big part in shaping the Blue Note label's hard bop direction in the 1960s as a record producer."

#15215

Hugo Andresen

1844 - 1918 (74 years)

Hugo Andresen was a German Romance philologist and medievalist. He was the son of Germanist Karl Gustaf Andresen . He studied languages at the universities of Bonn and Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1874 at Bonn. Following graduation, he took an extended study trip to Paris and London , and in 1880 obtained his habilitation for Romance and English philology at the University of Göttingen. In 1892 he relocated to the Münster Academy, where he succeeded Gustav Körting as professor of Romance philology.

#15216

Frank Rosolino

1926 - 1978 (52 years)

Frank Rosolino was an American jazz trombonist. Biography Rosolino was born in Detroit, Michigan, United States, He performed with the big bands of Bob Chester, Glen Gray, Tony Pastor, Herbie Fields, Gene Krupa, and Stan Kenton. After a period with Kenton he settled in Los Angeles, where he performed with Howard Rumsey's Lighthouse All-Stars in Hermosa Beach.

#15217

Leon Theremin

1896 - 1993 (97 years)

Lev Sergeyevich Termen , better known as Leon Theremin, was a Russian inventor, most famous for his invention of the theremin, one of the first electronic musical instruments and the first to be mass-produced. He also worked on early television research. His secret listening device, "The Thing", hung for seven years in plain view in the United States ambassador's Moscow office and enabled Soviet agents to eavesdrop on secret conversations.

#15218

Walter Abel

1898 - 1987 (89 years)

Walter Abel was an American stage, film, and radio actor whose career spanned nearly seven decades. Life Abel was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, the son of Christine and Richard Michael Abel. Abel graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts where he had studied in 1917 and joined a touring company. His brother Alfred died in 1922 from tuberculosis contracted while serving overseas in World War I. Abel was married to concert harpist Marietta Bitter.

#15219

Charlton Thomas Lewis

1834 - 1904 (70 years)

Charlton Thomas Lewis was a United States lawyer, author and lexicographer, who is particularly remembered as a compiler of several Latin–English dictionaries. Biography Lewis was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, to Joseph J. and Mary Lewis. He graduated from Yale University in 1853. After further studying with a view to entering the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, he served as professor at the State Normal University at Bloomington, Illinois, 1856–57, and from 1858 to 1861 was professor of Greek at Methodist-affiliated Troy University .

#15220

Siegfried Wagner

Siegfried Wagner

1869 - 1930 (61 years)

Siegfried Helferich Richard Wagner was a German composer and conductor, the son of Richard Wagner. He was an opera composer and the artistic director of the Bayreuth Festival from 1908 to 1930. Life Siegfried Wagner was born in 1869 to Richard Wagner and his future wife Cosima , at Tribschen on Lake Lucerne in Switzerland. Through his mother, he was a grandson of Franz Liszt, from whom he received some instruction in harmony.

#15221

George Marshall

George Marshall

1891 - 1975 (84 years)

George E. Marshall was an American actor, screenwriter, producer, film and television director, active through the first six decades of film history. Relatively few of Marshall's films are well-known today, with Destry Rides Again , The Ghost Breakers , The Blue Dahlia , The Sheepman , and How the West Was Won being the biggest exceptions. John Houseman called him "one of the old maestros of Hollywood ... he had never become one of the giants but he held a solid and honorable position in the industry."

#15222

Josef Mysliveček

Josef Mysliveček

1737 - 1781 (44 years)

Josef Mysliveček was a Czech composer who contributed to the formation of late eighteenth-century classicism in music. Mysliveček provided his younger friend Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart with significant compositional models in the genres of symphony, Italian serious opera, and violin concerto; both Wolfgang and his father Leopold Mozart considered him an intimate friend from the time of their first meetings in Bologna in 1770 until he betrayed their trust over the promise of an operatic commission for Wolfgang to be arranged with the management of the Teatro San Carlo in Naples. His closeness to ...

#15223

Slim Harpo

1924 - 1970 (46 years)

Slim Harpo was an American blues musician, a leading exponent of the swamp blues style, and "one of the most commercially successful blues artists of his day". He played guitar and was a master of the blues harmonica, known in blues circles as a "harp". His most successful and influential recordings included "I'm a King Bee" , "Rainin' in My Heart" , and "Baby Scratch My Back" , which reached number one on Billboards R&B chart and number 16 on its broader Hot 100 singles chart.

#15224

Lefty Frizzell

1928 - 1975 (47 years)

William Orville "Lefty" Frizzell was an American country and honky-tonk singer-songwriter. Frizell is known as one of the most influential country music vocal stylists of all time. He has been cited as influencing prominent country singers like George Jones, Merle Haggard, and Willie Nelson. He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1982 as well as the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In his prime, Frizzell was the first artist to achieve four songs in the top ten on the Country Music Billboard charts at one time. Frizzell went on to have more success, releasing many songs that charted in the Top 10 of the Hot Country Songs charts as an artist and songwriter.

#15225

Jonas Kazlauskas

1930 - 1970 (40 years)

Jonas Kazlauskas was a Lithuanian linguist, expert on the Baltic languages. In 1954, he graduated from the University of Vilnius. He was the Dean of the Humanities faculty at University of Vilnius. He was one of the founders of the journal, Baltistica.

#15226

Joe Raposo

1937 - 1989 (52 years)

Joseph Guilherme Raposo, OIH was an American composer, lyricist, songwriter, singer, and pianist, best known for his work on the children's television series Sesame Street, for which he wrote the theme song, as well as classic songs such as "Bein' Green", "C Is For Cookie" and "Sing" . He also wrote music for television shows such as The Electric Company, Shining Time Station and the sitcoms Three's Company and The Ropers, including their theme songs. In addition to these works, Raposo also composed extensively for three Dr. Seuss TV specials in collaboration with the DePatie-Freleng Enterpri...

#15227

Peter Knight

1917 - 1985 (68 years)

Peter Knight was an English musical arranger, conductor and composer. Early career Knight was born in Exmouth, Devon, England. He was educated at Sutton High School in Plymouth and studied piano, harmony and counterpoint privately. His first broadcast was in 1924 at the age of seven, a piano solo on Children's Hour from the BBC's studio in Plymouth. Before the war he was an active semi-professional musician while working at the Inland Revenue in Torquay, and then in London.

#15228

Christian Jakob Kraus

Christian Jakob Kraus

1753 - 1807 (54 years)

Christian Jakob Kraus was a German comparative and historical linguist. Biography A native of Osterode , Kraus studied at the universities of Königsberg and Göttingen. In 1782 he became a professor of practical philosophy and cameralism in Königsberg. A student of Immanuel Kant, Kraus was famous for importing the ideas of Adam Smith into the German academic scene. He was also a librarian of the Königsberg Public Library from 1786 to 1804. Kraus encouraged the East Prussian officials and nobility to improve rural conditions in the province; some of his ideas were later adapted in the era of Prussian reforms.

#15229

Marcin Szlachciński

1515 - Present (511 years)

Marcin Szlachciński was a Polish renaissance scholar; Polish, Latin and Ancient Greek translator; poet; philosopher and professor at the Jagiellonian University. Personal life Szlachciński was born in the village of Szlachcin in the Greater Poland as part of the Polish Szlachta, and used the Nowina coat of arms. He studied at the Jagiellonian University . He married a noble-born woman, Zofia Zberkowska of the Wczele coat of arms.

#15230

Heinrich Marschner

Heinrich Marschner

1795 - 1861 (66 years)

Heinrich August Marschner was a German composer best known for his operas. He is considered to be the most important composer of German opera between Weber and Wagner. Biography Marschner was born in Zittau and was originally intended for a legal career. After a meeting with Beethoven around 1815–16, he decided to devote himself to music and became a private music teacher in Bratislava. From 1821 he worked as a stage composer and conductor at the municipal theatres in Dresden , Leipzig , and the Court Theatre at Hanover , where the opera Hans Heiling established his name among the leading German opera composers of the time.

#15231

Guido Brignone

1886 - 1959 (73 years)

Guido Brignone was an Italian film director and actor. He was the father of actress Lilla Brignone and younger brother of actress Mercedes Brignone. Brignone was born in Milan, Italy. He was the first Italian Director to win the Venice Film Festival or Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica, the oldest film festival in the world, with Best Italian Film, Teresa Confalonieri .

#15232

Radulphus Brito

1270 - 1320 (50 years)

Radulphus Brito was an influential grammarian and philosopher, based in Paris. He is usually identified as Raoul le Breton, though this is disputed by some. Besides works of grammatical speculation he wrote on Aristotle, Boethius and Priscian.

#15233

Anton Arensky

1861 - 1906 (45 years)

Anton Stepanovich Arensky was a Russian composer of Romantic classical music, a pianist and a professor of music. Biography Arensky was born into an affluent, music-loving family in Novgorod, Russia. He was musically precocious and had composed a number of songs and piano pieces by the age of nine. With his mother and father, he moved to Saint Petersburg in 1879, after which he studied composition at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory with Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.

#15234

Guitar Slim

1926 - 1959 (33 years)

Eddie Jones , better known as Guitar Slim, was an American guitarist in the 1940s and 1950s, best known for the million-selling song "The Things That I Used to Do", for Specialty Records. It is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. Slim had a major impact on rock and roll and experimented with distorted tones on the electric guitar a full decade before Jimi Hendrix.

#15235

Terry Kath

1946 - 1978 (32 years)

Terry Alan Kath was an American guitarist and singer-songwriter who is best known as a founding member of the rock band Chicago. He played lead guitar and sang lead vocals on many of the band's early hit singles alongside Robert Lamm and Peter Cetera. He has been praised by his bandmates and other musicians for his guitar skills and his Ray Charles–influenced vocal style. Jimi Hendrix cited Terry Kath as one of his favorite guitarists, and considered Kath to be "the best guitarist in the universe".

#15236

Pierre Larquey

1884 - 1962 (78 years)

Pierre Larquey was a French film actor. He appeared in more than 200 films between 1913 and 1962. Born in Cénac, Gironde, France, he died in Maisons-Laffitte at the age of 77. Selected filmography Patrie Monsieur le directeur Alone - Le comandantTout s'arrange - Un ami de M. RibadetAmerican Love - Le maître d'hôtel à la barbiche Le disparu de l'ascenseur - Michaud - le secrétairePrisonnier de mon coeur Vive la classe - L'adjudantThe Miracle Child - Durieux pèreLe chien jaune - Topaze - TamiseOnce Upon a Time - RednoKnock - Le tambour de ville - BouzinMadame Bovary - HippolyteMariage à responsabilité limitée - Georges Lambert - le mariWe Are Not Children - M.

#15237

Josef Hofmann

1876 - 1957 (81 years)

Josef Casimir Hofmann was a Polish-American pianist, composer, music teacher, and inventor. Biography Josef Hofmann was born in Podgórze , in Austro-Hungarian Galicia in 1876. His father was the composer, conductor and pianist Kazimierz Hofmann, and his mother the singer Matylda Pindelska. He had an older sister – Zofia Wanda . Throughout their childhood, their father, Kazimierz, was married to Aniela Teofila née Kwiecińska , who, after moving to Warsaw in 1878 with her husband, died there on October 12, 1885. Then the next year Kazimierz Mikołaj Hofmann married on June 17, 1886, Matylda Fra...

#15238

Kim Gannon

1900 - 1974 (74 years)

James Kimball "Kim" Gannon was an American songwriter, more commonly a lyricist than a composer. Biography Gannon was born in Brooklyn, New York to an Irish-American family from Fort Ann in upstate New York, but grew up in New Jersey where he attended Montclair High School and was a member of The Omega Gamma Delta Fraternity. He graduated from St. Lawrence University and, intending to become a lawyer, attended the Albany Law School, passing the bar examination in New York State in 1934.

#15239

Jules White

1900 - 1985 (85 years)

Jules White was an American film director and producer best known for his short-subject comedies starring The Three Stooges. Early years White began working in motion pictures in the 1910s, as a child actor, for Pathé Studios. He appears in a small role as a Confederate soldier in the landmark silent feature The Birth of a Nation . By the 1920s his brother Jack White had become a successful comedy producer at Educational Pictures, and Jules worked for him as a film editor. Jules became a director in 1926, specializing in comedies such as The Battling Kangaroo .

#15240

Marjorie Daw

1902 - 1979 (77 years)

Marjorie Daw was an American film actress of the silent film era. She appeared in more than 70 films between 1914 and 1929. Career Born in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Daw was the daughter of John H. House. She took her stage name from Marjorie Daw, a short story by Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Daw began acting as a teen to support her younger brother and herself after the death of their parents. She made her film debut in 1914 and worked steadily during the 1920s. She retired from acting after the advent of sound film.

#15241

Spencer Williams

1889 - 1965 (76 years)

Spencer Williams was an American jazz and popular music composer, pianist, and singer. He is best known for his hit songs "Basin Street Blues", "I Ain't Got Nobody", "Royal Garden Blues", "I've Found a New Baby", "Everybody Loves My Baby", "Tishomingo Blues", and many others.

#15242

Walford Davies

1869 - 1941 (72 years)

Sir Henry Walford Davies was an English composer, organist, and educator who held the title Master of the King's Music from 1934 until 1941. He served with the Royal Air Force during the First World War, during which he composed the Royal Air Force March Past, and was music adviser to the British Broadcasting Corporation, for whom he gave commended talks on music between 1924 and 1941.

#15243

Anton Horner

1877 - 1971 (94 years)

Anton Horner was an American horn player. He was part of the Philadelphia Orchestra for 44 years and served for 28 years as its solo horn player. He is credited for introducing the double horn to the United States.

#15244

Lloyd Bacon

1889 - 1955 (66 years)

Lloyd Francis Bacon was an American screen, stage, and vaudeville actor and film director. As a director, he made films in virtually all genres, including westerns, musicals, comedies, gangster films, and crime dramas. He was one of the directors at Warner Bros. in the 1930s who helped give that studio its reputation for gritty, fast-paced "torn from the headlines" action films. And, in directing Warner Bros.' 42nd Street, he joined the movie's song-and-dance-number director, Busby Berkeley, in contributing to "an instant and enduring classic [that] transformed the musical genre".

#15245

Augustus Harris

Augustus Harris

1852 - 1896 (44 years)

Sir Augustus Henry Glossop Harris was a British actor, impresario, and dramatist, a dominant figure in the West End theatre of the 1880s and 1890s. Born into a theatrical family, Harris briefly pursued a commercial career before becoming an actor and subsequently a stage-manager. At the age of 27 he became the lessee of the large Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, where he mounted popular melodramas and annual pantomimes on a grand and spectacular scale. The pantomimes featured leading music hall stars such as Dan Leno, Marie Lloyd, Little Tich and Vesta Tilley. The profits from these productions subsidised his opera seasons, equally lavish, starrily cast and with an innovative repertoire.

#15246

Felix Pappalardi

Felix Pappalardi

1939 - 1983 (44 years)

Felix A. Pappalardi Jr. was an American music producer, songwriter, vocalist, and bassist. He is best known as the bassist and co-lead vocalist of the band Mountain, whose song "Mississippi Queen" peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and has become a classic rock radio staple. Originating in the eclectic music scene in New York's Greenwich Village, he became closely attached to the British power trio Cream, writing, arranging, and producing for their second album Disraeli Gears. As a producer for Atlantic Records, he worked on several projects with guitarist Leslie West; in 1969 their partnership evolved into the band Mountain.

#15247

Wolfgang Liebeneiner

1905 - 1987 (82 years)

Wolfgang Georg Louis Liebeneiner was a German actor, film director and theatre director. Beginnings He was born in Liebau in Prussian Silesia. In 1928, he was taught by Otto Falckenberg, the director of the Munich Kammerspiele, in acting and directing.

#15248

Lois Wilson

1894 - 1988 (94 years)

Lois Wilson was an American actress who worked during the silent film era. She also directed two short films and was a scenario writer. Early life Born to Andrew Kenley Wilson and Constance in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Wilson's family moved to Alabama when she was still very young. She earned a degree from Alabama Normal College , and became a school teacher for young children, soon leaving to pursue a film career.

#15249

Derek Bickerton

#15250

William Thomas Goode

1859 - 1932 (73 years)

William Thomas Goode was a British academic, linguist and journalist. As special correspondent for The Manchester Guardian, he interviewed Vladimir Lenin in Moscow in 1919. On his return journey from Moscow, he was arrested by Estonian authorities and then detained aboard a British warship. He was active in the Labour Party until his death.

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