The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
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List of the most influential people in Earth Sciences,
#3351
Florence Bascom
1862 - 1945 (83 years)
Florence Bascom was an American pioneer for women as a geologist and educator. Bascom became an anomaly in the 19th century when she earned two bachelor's degrees. Earning a Bachelor of Arts in 1882, and a Bachelor of Science in 1884 both at the University of Wisconsin. Shortly after, in 1887, Bascom earned her master's degree in geology at the University of Wisconsin. Bascom was the second woman to earn her PhD in geology in the United States, in 1893. Receiving her PhD from Johns Hopkins University, this made her the first woman to earn a degree at the institution. After earning her doctora...
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Gustav Bischof
1792 - 1870 (78 years)
Karl Gustav Bischof was a German chemist, born in Nuremberg. He studied at Erlangen where he became a university lecturer in 1815. In 1819 he was appointed to the position of an extra-Ordinary Professor of Chemistry at Bonn, and in 1822 to that of a full professor. The University of Bonn was a leading center for geologists including Ferdinand von Roemer, Georg August Goldfuss, and Gerhard vom Rath as well as Bischof.
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Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden
1829 - 1887 (58 years)
Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden was an American geologist noted for his pioneering surveying expeditions of the Rocky Mountains in the late 19th century. He was also a physician who served with the Union Army during the Civil War.
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Lluís Solé
1908 - 1985 (77 years)
Lluís Solé i Sabarís was a Spanish educator and geographer. Life Born in the city of Gavà, Solé's family moved to Lleida when he was still young. In 1926, he met Pau Vila, through whom he discovered geography, and graduated from the University of Barcelona in Natural Sciences three years later. In 1935, he helped found the Catalan Society of Geography, of which he was president from 1972 to 1981.
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Ibn Hawqal
943 - 988 (45 years)
Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal , also known as Abū al-Qāsim b. ʻAlī Ibn Ḥawqal al-Naṣībī, born in Nisibis, Upper Mesopotamia; was a 10th-century Arab Muslim writer, geographer, and chronicler who travelled from AD 943 to 969. His famous work, written in 977, is called . The date of his death, known from his writings, was after 368 AH/978 AD.
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Archibald Geikie
1835 - 1924 (89 years)
Sir Archibald Geikie was a Scottish geologist and writer. Early life Geikie was born in Edinburgh in 1835, the eldest son of Isabella Thom and her husband James Stuart Geikie, a musician and music critic. The elder brother of James Geikie, he was educated at Edinburgh High School and University of Edinburgh.
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Abraham Pineo Gesner
1797 - 1864 (67 years)
Abraham Pineo Gesner, ONB was a Canadian physician and geologist who invented kerosene. Gesner was born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia and lived much of his life in Saint John, New Brunswick. He died in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He was an influential figure in the development of the study of Canadian geology and natural history.
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Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger
1857 - 1923 (66 years)
Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger was a German mathematician and surveyor/geodesist. He became director of the Prussian Geodetic Institute of Potsdam in 1917 and wrote several books on geodesy, operational and theoretical. In 1912, he presented his "Konforme Abbildung des Erdellipsoids in der Ebene", one of the works that led to the 1923 Gauss–Krüger map projection.
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Ven Te Chow
1919 - 1981 (62 years)
Ven Te Chow , was a Chinese-American engineer. He was a widely recognized hydrologist and hydraulic engineer, acclaimed for his contributions to hydrology and water resources development. He was a professor of Civil and Hydrosystems Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He received his B.S. degree in civil engineering from the National Chiao Tung University in 1940, his M.S. degree in engineering mechanics from Pennsylvania State University in 1948, and his Ph.D. degree in hydraulic engineering from the University of Illinois in 1950.
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Friedrich August von Quenstedt
1809 - 1889 (80 years)
Friedrich August von Quenstedt was a German geologist and palaeontologist. Life Von Quenstedt was born at Eisleben in Saxony, and educated at the Humboldt University of Berlin. After a period as assistant in the mineralogical museum, he was appointed associate professor and then professor of mineralogy and geognosy at the Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen.
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Jean-André Deluc
1727 - 1817 (90 years)
Jean-André Deluc or de Luc was a Swiss geologist, natural philosopher and meteorologist. He also devised measuring instruments. Biography Jean-André Deluc was born in Geneva. His family had come to the Republic of Geneva from Lucca, Italy, in the 15th century. His mother was Françoise Huaut. His father, Jacques-François Deluc, had written in refutation of Bernard Mandeville and other rationalistic writers, but he was also a decided supporter of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
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Alexander Ross Clarke
1828 - 1914 (86 years)
Col Alexander Ross Clarke FRS FRSE was a British geodesist, primarily remembered for his calculation of the Principal Triangulation of Britain , the calculation of the Figure of the Earth and one of the most important text books of Geodesy . He was an officer of the Royal Engineers employed on the Ordnance Survey.
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Paul Niggli
1888 - 1953 (65 years)
Paul Niggli was a Swiss crystallographer, mineralogist, and petrologist who was a leader in the field of X-ray crystallography. Education and career Niggli was born in Zofingen and studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and the University of Zurich, where he obtained a doctorate. His 1919 book, Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums, played a seminal role in the refinement of space group theory. In this book, Niggli demonstrated that although X-ray reflection conditions do not always uniquely determine the space group to which a crystal belongs, they do reveal a small number of possible space groups to which it could belong.
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Alexander du Toit
1878 - 1948 (70 years)
Alexander Logie du Toit FRS was a geologist from South Africa and an early supporter of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift. Early life and education Du Toit was born in Newlands, Cape Town in 1878, and educated at the Diocesan College in Rondebosch and the University of the Cape of Good Hope. Encouraged by his grandfather, Captain Alexander Logie, he graduated in 1899 in mining engineering at the Royal Technical College in Glasgow. After a short period studying geology at the Royal College of Science in London, he returned to Glasgow to lecture in geology, mining and surveying at th...
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Oscar Peschel
1826 - 1875 (49 years)
Oscar Ferdinand Peschel was a German geographer and anthropologist. Biography As the son of an officer and teacher at the local military school, Peschel studied law from 1845 to 1848 in Leipzig and Heidelberg. In 1850 he joined the editorial staff of the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung. In 1854 he took over the editorship for the journal Das Ausland, of which he continued until the end of March 1871.
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Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes
1777 - 1834 (57 years)
Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes was a German physicist, meteorologist, and astronomer. Brandes was born in 1777 in Groden near Ritzebüttel , the third son of Albert Georg Brandes, a preacher. He studied at the University of Göttingen from 1796 to 1798 under Abraham Gotthelf Kästner and Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. Carl Friedrich Gauss was a fellow student. He attained his doctorate in 1800, and spent a short time teaching privately. As an astronomer, he was noted for demonstrating that meteors occur in the upper atmosphere and thus not really a meteorological phenomenon.
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François Sulpice Beudant
1787 - 1850 (63 years)
François Sulpice Beudant was a French mineralogist and geologist. The mineral beudantite was named after him. Life He was born in Paris. He was educated at the Ecole Polytechnique and Ecole Normale, and in 1811 was appointed professor of mathematics at the lycée of Avignon. Thence he was called, in 1813, to the lycée of Marseilles to fill the post of professor of physics, where he carried out the first measurements of the speed of sound in seawater. In the following year the royal mineralogical cabinet was committed to his charge to be conveyed into England, and from that time his attention w...
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John William Dawson
1820 - 1899 (79 years)
Sir John William Dawson was a Canadian geologist and university administrator. Life and work John William Dawson was born on 13 October 1820 in Pictou, Nova Scotia, where he attended and graduated from Pictou Academy. Of Scottish descent, Dawson attended the University of Edinburgh to complete his education, and graduated in 1842, having gained a knowledge of geology and natural history from Robert Jameson.
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Ibn Khordadbeh
820 - 912 (92 years)
Abu'l-Qasim Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Khordadbeh , commonly known as Ibn Khordadbeh , was a high-ranking bureaucrat and geographer of Persian descent in the Abbasid Caliphate. He is the author of the earliest surviving Arabic book of administrative geography.
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Hans Ertel
1904 - 1971 (67 years)
Hans Ertel was a German natural scientist and a pioneer in geophysics, meteorology and hydrodynamics. Life and work Hans Ertel began his scientific career at the former Preußischen Meteorologischen Institut , where the representatives of the Austrian school of meteorology, had formative influence on him and gave him their lasting support. Ertel continued the works of Felix Maria von Exner-Ewarten, a leading theoretical meteorologist of his time who lived in Vienna, and he completed many of them. He developed into a capable theoretical physicist early on and he was already to publish research results or theoretical approaches in this subject as a young man.
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William Nicol
1770 - 1851 (81 years)
William Nicol FRSE FCS was a Scottish geologist and physicist who invented the Nicol prism, the first device for obtaining plane-polarized light, in 1828. Early life Nicol was born in Humbie , the son of Walter Nicol and Marion Fowler. According to the parish register, he was born 18 April and baptised on 22 April 1770. Some sources give his date of birth as 1768; other ones give 1766.
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Torquato Taramelli
1845 - 1922 (77 years)
Torquato Taramelli was an Italian geologist. Biography Taramelli was born in Bergamo, Lombardy. After his graduation in Natural Sciences, in Milan, he became assistant of Antonio Stoppani at the Politecnico di Milano. Here he studied the territory of the Italian region Friuli, where he founded the local alpine association in 1874. He became then professor, at the University of Genova and later, in Geology and Paleontology, at the University of Pavia, in 1875. Here he became rector in 1888 till 1891. He founded the Italian Geological Institute and was one of the founders of the Italian Seismological Society.
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Abraham Ortelius
1527 - 1598 (71 years)
Abraham Ortelius was a Brabantian cartographer, geographer, and cosmographer. He is recognized as the creator of the first modern atlas, the . Along with Gemma Frisius and Gerardus Mercator, Ortelius is generally considered one of the founders of the Netherlandish school of cartography and geography. He was a notable figure of this school in its golden age and an important geographer of Spain during the age of discovery. The publication of his atlas in 1570 is often considered as the official beginning of the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography. He was the first person proposing that th...
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Napier Shaw
1854 - 1945 (91 years)
Sir William Napier Shaw was a British meteorologist. He introduced the tephigram, a diagram for evaluating convective instability in the atmosphere. He also served as president of the International Meteorological Committee and Royal Meteorological Society.
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Alfred Rittmann
1893 - 1980 (87 years)
Alfred Rittmann was a leading volcanologist. He was elected President of the International Association of Volcanology for three terms . Life Rittmann was the son of a dentist in Basel, Switzerland. He studied music and natural science at the University of Basel and later he changed to the University of Geneva. He received his PhD there for work on ultramafic rocks of the Ural Mountains.
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August Breithaupt
1791 - 1873 (82 years)
Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt was a German mineralogist and professor at Freiberg Mining Academy in Freiberg, Saxony. Biography He was born in Probstzella. He received his doctorate at the Universities of Jena and Marburg. He studied under Abraham Gottlob Werner at the Freiberg Mining Academy where he received an appointment in 1813 as teacher and lapidary, and became professor of mineralogy after the departure of Friedrich Mohs in 1826. He held that position until 1866.
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Alfred Weber
1868 - 1958 (90 years)
Carl David Alfred Weber was a German economist, geographer, sociologist and theoretician of culture whose work was influential in the development of modern economic geography. Life Alfred Weber, younger brother of the well-known sociologist Max Weber, was born in Erfurt and raised in Charlottenburg. From 1907 to 1933, he was a professor at the University of Heidelberg. Weber started his career as a lawyer and worked as a sociologist and cultural philosopher.
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William Francis Ganong
1864 - 1941 (77 years)
William Francis Ganong, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C., was a Canadian biologist botanist, historian and cartographer. His botany career was spent mainly as a professor at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. In his private life he contributed to the historical and geographical understanding of his native New Brunswick.
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Charles Frederick Hartt
1840 - 1878 (38 years)
Charles Frederick Hartt was a Canadian-American geologist, paleontologist and naturalist who specialized in the geology of Brazil. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Hartt graduated from Acadia College in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, in 1860, and by his graduation he had made extensive geological explorations in Nova Scotia. In 1860, he accompanied his father, Jarvis William Hartt, to Saint John, New Brunswick, where they established a high school for young women in which Charles Frederick taught for a year. Hartt also studied the geology of New Brunswick, and devoted special attention to the Devonian ...
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Mark Jefferson
1863 - 1949 (86 years)
Mark Jefferson was the chief cartographer of the American Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He was also the head of the geography department at Michigan State Normal College , now Eastern Michigan University , from 1901-1939.
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André Cailleux
1907 - 1986 (79 years)
André de Cayeux de Senarpont was a French paleontologist and geologist known for being a pioneer in planetary geology. Career He was born in Paris, France. After earning his Ph.D. in 1942, he became a specialist in glacial and periglacial morphology. His studies of terrestrial geology spanned the globe: he participated in missions to America, Greenland, Poland, Guyana, Mauritania, the Sahara and the Antarctic. In 1960, he represented the French government on an American polar expedition to Antarctica.
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Heinrich von Wild
1833 - 1902 (69 years)
Heinrich von Wild or Heinrich Wild I was a Swiss meteorologist and physicist who established a modern meteorological system throughout the Russian empire and developed meteorological instruments. He contributed significantly to international scientific collaboration in the fields of metrology and meteorology as a representative of Russia at the Paris diplomatic Conference which resulted in the Metre Convention of 1875, then as a member of the International Committee of Weights and Measures and as president of the International Meteorological Organization from 1879 to 1896.
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Ignacy Domeyko
1802 - 1889 (87 years)
Ignacy Domeyko or Domejko, pseudonym: Żegota was a Polish geologist, mineralogist, educator, and founder of the University of Santiago, in Chile. Domeyko spent most of his life, and died, in his adopted country, Chile.
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Karl Eichwald
1795 - 1876 (81 years)
Karl Eduard von Eichwald was a Baltic German geologist, physician, and naturalist, who lived his whole life in the Russian Empire. Career Eichwald was a Baltic German born at Mitau in Courland Governorate. He became a doctor of medicine and professor of zoology in Kazan in 1823; four years later professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at Vilnius; in 1838 professor of zoology, mineralogy and medicine at St. Petersburg; and finally, professor of palaeontology in the institute of miness in that city.
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Eduard Imhof
1895 - 1986 (91 years)
Eduard Imhof was a professor of cartography at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, from 1925 to 1965. His fame, which extends far beyond the Institute of Technology, stems from his relief shading work on school maps and atlases. Between 1922 and 1973 Imhof worked on many school maps. He drew and shaded maps of Switzerland as well her various cantons and the Austrian province of Vorarlberg.
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Akitsune Imamura
1870 - 1948 (78 years)
Akitsune Imamura was a Japanese seismologist. As a University of Tokyo seismologist he represented a new generation of scientists, trained by Western experts. He who predicted the timing and magnitude of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake 16 years in advance.
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Julius von Haast
1822 - 1887 (65 years)
Sir Johann Franz Julius von Haast was a German-born New Zealand explorer, geologist, and founder of the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch. Early life Johann Franz Julius Haast was born on 1 May 1822 in Bonn, a town in the Kingdom of Prussia, to a merchant and his wife. As a child, he attended a local school but was also educated at a grammar school in Cologne. After completing his formal schooling, he then entered the University of Bonn, where he studied geology and mineralogy. However, he did not graduate. As a young man, he travelled throughout Europe before basing himself in Frankfurt, working in the trading of books and mineral samples collected on his journeys.
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Max Margules
1856 - 1920 (64 years)
Max Margules was a Austrian mathematician, physicist, and chemist. Margules began his career in research in 1877, when he joined the Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics in Vienna as a volunteer. After two years he left Vienna to study in Berlin for a year. He then returned to Vienna and received his PhD in Electrodynamics. During his doctoral studies he was a Privatdozent, funded entirely by student fees.
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Thomas Jaggar
1871 - 1953 (82 years)
Thomas Augustus Jaggar Jr. was an American volcanologist. He founded the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and directed it from 1912 to 1940. The son of Thomas Augustus Jaggar, Jaggar Jr. graduated with a PhD in geology from Harvard University in 1897. In 1902, he was one of the scientists that the United States sent to investigate the volcanic disasters at La Soufrière volcano, St Vincent, and Mont Pelée, Martinique, which he credited with inspiring him to make a life's work out of geology. He became head of the department of geology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1906.
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Carlo Perrier
1887 - 1948 (61 years)
Carlo Perrier was an Italian mineralogist and chemist who did extensive research on the element technetium. With the discovery of technetium in 1937, he and Emilio Segrè accounted for the last gap in the periodic table. Technetium was the first element produced artificially .
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Karl Kreil
1798 - 1862 (64 years)
Karl Kreil was an Austrian meteorologist and astronomer, born in Ried. Before university, he was educated at the Benedictine Kremsmünster Abbey, under the astronomer Boniface Schwarzenbrunner. He was educated at the University of Vienna, where he studied law before devoting himself to astronomy. In 1827 he became an assistant at the Vienna Observatory, from which he went to Milan in 1831 and thence in 1838 to Prague, where he was from 1845 to 1851 director of the observatory, then returned to Vienna to take charge of the Central Meteorological and Magnetic Bureau.
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George Mercer Dawson
1849 - 1901 (52 years)
George Mercer Dawson was a Canadian geologist and surveyor. He performed many early explorations in western North America and compiled numerous records of the native peoples. Biography He was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia, the eldest son of Sir John William Dawson, Principal of McGill University and a noted geologist, and his wife, Lady Margaret Dawson. By age 11, he was afflicted with tuberculosis of the spine that resulted in a deformed back and stunted growth. Physical limitations, however, did not deter Dawson from becoming one of Canada's greatest scientists.
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Wilhelm Jordan
1845 - 1899 (54 years)
Wilhelm Jordan was a German geodesist who conducted surveys in Germany and Africa and founded the German geodesy journal. Biography Jordan was born in Ellwangen, a small town in southern Germany. He studied at the polytechnic institute in Stuttgart and after working for two years as an engineering assistant on the preliminary stages of railway construction he returned there as an assistant in geodesy. In 1868, when he was 26 years old, he was appointed a full professor at Karlsruhe. In 1874 Jordan took part in the expedition of Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs to Libya. From 1881 until his death he was professor of geodesy and practical geometry at the Technical University of Hannover.
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Paul Ramdohr
1890 - 1985 (95 years)
Paul A. Ramdohr , was a German mineralogist, ore deposit-researcher and a pioneer of ore microscopy. Life After attending school at the "Alten Gymnasium" of Darmstadt and studying at the University of Heidelberg, he earned his Doctorate in 1919 under the direction of Otto Mügge in Göttingen with a Dissertation on Basalts of the Blauen Kuppe near Eschwege. As a student in Heidelberg, Ramdohr joined the fraternity Leonensia. His Habilitation was completed soon thereafter under the direction of W. Bruhns on the topic of the Gabbros in the area of Böllstein/Brombachtal. In 1926, he took a position at the University of Aachen as Professor of Mineralogy, Petrography and Ore Geology.
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Harry O. Wood
1879 - 1958 (79 years)
Harry Oscar Wood was an American seismologist who made several significant contributions in the field of seismology in the early twentieth-century. Following the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, California, Wood expanded his background of geology and mineralogy and his career took a change of direction into the field of seismology. In the 1920s he co-developed the torsion seismometer, a device tuned to detect short-period seismic waves that are associated with local earthquakes. In 1931 Wood, along with another seismologist, redeveloped and updated the Mercalli intensity scale, a seismic int...
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Raoul Blanchard
1877 - 1965 (88 years)
Raoul Blanchard was a French geographer. He taught at the University of Grenoble from 1906 and devoted most of his research to Alpine and Canadian geography. Early life The son of an inspector of the Department of Water of Orléans, Blanchard attended Holy Cross School and Pothier Secondary School, where he studied under the geographer Louis Gallouédec. He was admitted to the Ecole Normale Superieure in 1897, he became excited by geography, which was taught by Paul Vidal de La Blache.
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Nicolas Auguste Tissot
1824 - 1907 (83 years)
Nicolas Auguste Tissot was a French cartographer, who in 1859 and 1881 published an analysis of the distortion that occurs on map projections. He devised Tissot's indicatrix, or distortion circle, which when plotted on a map will appear as an ellipse whose elongation depends on the amount of distortion by the map at that point. The angle and extent of the elongation represents the amount of angular distortion of the map. The size of the ellipse indicates the amount that the area is distorted.
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James Sowerby
1757 - 1822 (65 years)
James Sowerby was an English naturalist, illustrator and mineralogist. Contributions to published works, such as A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland or English Botany, include his detailed and appealing plates. The use of vivid colour and accessible texts were intended to reach a widening audience in works of natural history.
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Alfred Philippson
1864 - 1953 (89 years)
Alfred Philippson was a German geologist and geographer. He was born at Bonn, son of Ludwig Philippson. He received his education at the gymnasium and university of his native town and at the University of Leipzig . In 1892 he became Privatdozent at Bonn, was appointed assistant professor seven years later, and in 1904 he was called to Bern as professor of geography. Having made voyages through Italy , Greece, Turkey, and Asia Minor, he published: Studien über Wasserscheiden, Berlin, 1886; Der Peloponnes, ib. 1892; Europa , Leipzig, 1894; Thessalien und Epirus, Berlin, 1897; Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Griechischen Inselwelt, Gotha, 1901; Das Mittelmeergebiet, Leipzig, 1904.
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Edward Salisbury Dana
1849 - 1935 (86 years)
Edward Salisbury Dana was an American mineralogist and physicist. He made important contributions to the study of minerals, especially in the field of crystallography. Life and career E. S. Dana was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of the geologist and mineralogist James Dwight Dana. He graduated from Yale College in 1870, where he had been a member of Scroll and Key, and then after two years with George J. Brush at the Sheffield Scientific School, spent another two years studying in Heidelberg and Vienna, specializing in crystal optics and crystallography. He then returned to Yale to take his M.A.
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