The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
Students and researchers now have a fast and reliable way to find influential thinkers from 24 disciplines and 300 sub-disciplines (and growing). If you want to find history’s most influential philsosophers, or the world’s most influential mathematicians currently, now you can.
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List of the most influential people in History,
#8351
Kaspar Ernst August Heisenberg
1869 - 1930 (61 years)
Kaspar Ernst August Heisenberg, shortened in and best known as August Heisenberg , was a German Byzantinist. His son was Werner Heisenberg. Heisenberg came from a Westphalian family of craftsmen. He was the son of Wilhelm August Heisenberg , a locksmith in and from Osnabrück, and Anna Maria Unnewehr .
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Joseph R. Levenson
1920 - 1969 (49 years)
Joseph Richmond Levenson was a scholar of Chinese history and Jane K. Sather Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley. After graduating from Boston Latin School in 1937 and Harvard College in 1941, Levenson enlisted in the United States Navy in 1942. He attended Japanese Language School and saw active service in the Solomon Islands and Philippines campaignss. After the war he earned M.A. and PhD degrees at Harvard, where he was a student of John K. Fairbank. He was a member of the Harvard Society of Fellows. He taught at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1951 until his death.
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George Washington Greene
1811 - 1883 (72 years)
George Washington Greene was an American historian. He was also the grandson of Major-General Nathanael Greene, a hero of the American Revolutionary War. Biography Greene was born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, to Nathanael Ray Greene and Anna Maria Greene . He was named by his grandmother Catherine Greene, after the General George Washington. In 1824, as a young teenager, Greene entered Bowdoin College, in Brunswick, Maine. But, during his junior year, he withdrew on account of poor health.
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Henry Noris
1631 - 1704 (73 years)
Henry Noris , or Enrico Noris, was an Italian church historian, theologian and Cardinal. Biography Noris was born at Verona, and was baptized with the name Hieronymus . His ancestors were Irish. His father, Alessandro had written a work on the German wars. At the age of fifteen he was sent to study under the Jesuits at Rimini, and there entered the novitiate of the Hermits of Saint Augustine, OESA, where he took the name ″Enrico″. He caught the attention of his Order's Father Assistant of Italy, Fr. Celestino Bruni, who recommended him to the attention of the Father General, Fr. Fulgencio Petrelli .
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Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
1894 - 1969 (75 years)
Otto John Maenchen-Helfen was an Austrian academic, sinologist, historian, author, and traveler. From 1927 to 1930, he worked at the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow, and from 1930 to 1933 in Berlin. When the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, he returned to Austria, and after the Anschluss in 1938 he emigrated to the United States, eventually becoming a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the author of several oft-cited books, including a history of the Huns.
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Willy Hartner
1905 - 1981 (76 years)
Willy Hartner was a German scientist and polymath. He studied at Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, where he obtained his PhD in physics in 1928 and where he later served as professor from 1940, as ordinary professor [German academic terminology] from 1946.
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Aloys Lütolf
1824 - 1879 (55 years)
Aloys Lütolf was a Swiss Catholic ecclesiastical historian. Life He made his early studies at the Jesuit College of Schwyz, and at the Lyceum at Lucerne, where he became an enthusiastic student of history. But as the political situation at that time did not permit of serious study, Lütolf, with a number of students of like youthful ardour, placed themselves in 1847 at the disposal of their country. For a time Lütolf was employed as private secretary at Lucerne, and also took part in the expedition of the Sonderbund army into the Canton of Ticino.
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Carl Axel Gottlund
1796 - 1875 (79 years)
Carl Axel Gottlund was a Finnish explorer, collector of folklore, historian, cultural politician, linguist, philologist, translator, writer, publisher and lecturer of Finnish language at the University of Helsinki. He was a colorful cultural personality and one of the central Finnish national awakeners and — later — one of the leading dissidents at the same time.
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Adam Fastnacht
1913 - 1987 (74 years)
Adam Fastnacht doctor hab., historian, editor. He was a Polish historian, researcher of the history of the town and the district of Sanok Land. Fastnacht was born to a German family who settled in the east. He studied in Sanok, in Lwów at Lviv University under Franciszek Bujak and at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, where in 1946 he received his PhD. Fastnacht was a member of the Armia Krajowa.
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Milko Kos
1892 - 1972 (80 years)
Milko Kos was a Slovenian historian, considered the father of the Ljubljana school of historiography. Early life and education He was born in the town of Gorizia , where his father, the renowned medievalist Franc Kos, taught at the state high school. His mother was a Friulian from Gorizia and Gradisca. His younger brother Anton Gojmir Kos later became a prominent painter.
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Zenonas Ivinskis
1908 - 1971 (63 years)
Zenonas Ivinskis was a noted Lithuanian historian. Education Ivinskis studied at Telšiai and Plungė gymnasiums. In 1925 he entered the University of Lithuania to study philosophy, but later changed the subject to history. In 1929, Ivinskis received a grant to continue his studies in Germany. There, under the direction of prof. Albert Brackmann, he received a Ph.D. for his thesis Geschichte des Bauerstandes in Litauen in 1932. In 1933 in Gdańsk he was habilitated for his work Lietuvių ir prūsų prekybiniai santykiai pirmojoje XVI a. pusėje .
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Morris Bishop
1893 - 1973 (80 years)
Morris Gilbert Bishop was an American scholar who wrote numerous books on Romance history, literature, and biography. His work also extended to North American exploration and beyond. Orphaned at 12, he was brought up in New York state and Ontario, wrote and published precociously, and entered Cornell University in 1910. Other than from 1914 to 1921 and 1942 to 1945, Bishop remained at Cornell for his entire working life and into retirement, at the age of 77 even fending off a demonstrator with a ceremonial mace.
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C. Hartley Grattan
1902 - 1980 (78 years)
Clinton Hartley Grattan was an American economic analyst, historian, critic, and professor emeritus, who was considered one of the leading American authorities on 20th-century Australian history. Career Born in Wakefield, Massachusetts, in 1902, Grattan received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Clark University in 1923. In 1937, Grattan traveled to Australia as a Carnegie traveling scholar where he remained for two years. While studying and presenting there he provoked the ire of the Ministry for Agriculture when he stated that Australian farmers were ill-prepared to weather sudden economic downturns.
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Julius Lessing
1843 - 1908 (65 years)
Julius Lessing was a German art historian and the first director of the Berliner Kunstgewerbemuseum . Life Lessing attended university in Berlin and Bonn, after which he taught History of Decorative Arts in Berlin. In 1872 he was responsible for a large exhibition of decorative art in Berlin, which featured objects from the royal collection as well as privately held items, under the patronage of Crown Prince Frederick. The success of this exhibition led to the founding of the Museum of Decorative Arts in Berlin, which Lessing led until his death in 1908.
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Wilhelm Levison
1876 - 1947 (71 years)
Wilhelm Levison was a German medievalist. He was well known as a contributor to Monumenta Germaniae Historica, especially for the vitae from the Merovingian era. He also edited Wilhelm Wattenbach's Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter. In 1935 he was forced to retire from his professorship at Bonn University because of the Nuremberg Laws. He fled Nazi Germany with his wife, Elsa, in the spring of 1939, taking a position at Durham University. Like many Jewish refugees, he was interned as an "enemy alien" by the British government from June 21, 1940 until September 2, 1940. He delivere...
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William Hung
1893 - 1980 (87 years)
William Hung , was a Chinese historian and sinologist who taught for many years at Yenching University, Peking, which was China's leading Christian university, and at Harvard University. He is known for bringing modern standards of scholarship to the study of Chinese classical writings, for editing the Harvard-Yenching Index Series, and for his biography of Du Fu , Tu Fu: China's Greatest Poet, which is considered a classic in the English world on the studies of Du Fu. He became a Christian while a student at the Anglo-Chinese College in Fuzhou, then went to Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, Columbia University, and Union Theological Seminary.
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Thomas Nowell
1730 - 1801 (71 years)
Thomas Nowell was a Welsh-born clergyman, historian and religious controversialist. Life Nowell was the son of Cradock Nowell of Cardiff. He went up to Oriel College, Oxford, in 1746 and in 1747 he won the Duke of Beaufort's exhibition. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1750, was awarded an exhibitionship in 1752, and took his Master of Arts degree in 1753. Nowell was made a fellow of Oriel in 1753 and served as junior treasurer to college between 1755 and 1757, senior treasurer between 1757 and 1758, and Dean between 1758 and 1760 and again in 1763.
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Adolphus Ward
1837 - 1924 (87 years)
Sir Adolphus William Ward was an English historian and man of letters. Life Ward was born at Hampstead, London, the son of John Ward. He was educated in Germany and at Peterhouse, Cambridge. In 1866, Ward was appointed professor of history and English literature in Owens College, Manchester, and was principal from 1890 to 1897, when he retired. He took an active part in the foundation of Victoria University, of which he was vice-chancellor from 1886 to 1890 and from 1894 to 1896, and he was a founder of Withington Girls' School in 1890. He was a Member of the Chetham Society, serving as a me...
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Erich Keyser
1893 - 1968 (75 years)
Erich Keyser was a Nazi activist and far-right nationalist historian connected with the anti-Polish ideology of Ostforschung and the racist Volkisch movement. He supported German expansion in Central and Eastern Europe and was involved with the planning of ethnic cleansing by the Third Reich during the Second World War. After 1945 he exploited the Cold War to promote the interests of German nationalism and chauvinism in his historical writing.
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Dušan J. Popović
1894 - 1985 (91 years)
Dušan J. Popović was a Serbian historian, a professor at the University of Belgrade. His works largely dealt with Serbs living in the 18th century outside of what latter would become known as the Serbia proper.
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Wallace Notestein
1878 - 1969 (91 years)
Wallace Notestein was an American historian and Sterling Professor of English History at Yale University from 1928 to 1947. He was married to women's educational pioneer Ada Comstock. He was a member of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace in Europe after World War I.
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Christian August Volquardsen
1840 - 1917 (77 years)
Christian August Volquardsen was a German classical historian. He studied history at the University of Kiel, and from 1864 to 1868 taught classes at the gymnasium in his hometown of Hadersleben. Afterwards, he worked as a schoolteacher in Potsdam, then in 1873 was named a professor of ancient history at the University of Kiel. In 1879 he relocated to the University of Göttingen, and in 1897 returned as a professor to Kiel. In 1909 he received the title of Geheimer Regierungsrat .
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Robert Sewell
1845 - 1925 (80 years)
Robert Sewell worked in the civil service of the Madras Presidency during the period of colonial rule in India. He was Keeper of the Madras Record Office and was tasked with responsibility for documenting ancient inscriptions and remains in the region, As with other British administrators of his type at that period, his purpose was not scholarly but rather to bolster administrative control by constructing a history that placed British rule as a virtue and a necessity rather than something to be denigrated. Portrayal of historic factionalism among local figureheads and dominion by alien despot...
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Charles W. Ramsdell
1877 - 1942 (65 years)
Charles William Ramsdell was an American historian. Early life Charles William Ramsdell was born on April 4, 1877, in Salado, Texas. His father, Charles H. Ramsdell, arrived in Texas from New England just before the Civil War. He enlisted as a private for the Confederate States of America. Charles H. worked as a merchant and as a cotton farmer. His mother was Fredonia Ramsdell, who bore four sons and two daughters.
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Henri-Raymond Casgrain
1831 - 1904 (73 years)
Henri-Raymond Casgrain was a French Canadian Roman Catholic priest, author, publisher, and professor of history. Life Born in Rivière-Ouelle, Lower Canada, the son Charles-Eusèbe Casgrain and Eliza Anne Baby, Casgrain studied at College of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière. In 1852, he enrolled in the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery, but became a priest in 1856. He started teaching at the College of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière until he was forced to give up teaching because of ill health. In 1859, he was appointed curate of the parish of La Nativité-de-Notre-Dame at Beauport and was free to...
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John Mullan
1830 - 1909 (79 years)
John Mullan Jr. was an American soldier, explorer, civil servant, and road builder. After graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1852, he joined the Northern Pacific Railroad Survey, led by Isaac Stevens. He extensively explored western Montana and portions of southeastern Idaho, discovered Mullan Pass, participated in the Coeur d'Alene War, and led the construction crew which built the Mullan Road in Montana, Idaho, and Washington state between the spring of 1859 and summer of 1860.
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Wilhelm Schubart
1873 - 1960 (87 years)
Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Schubart was a German ancient historian. He was leading authority in the field of papyrology. Shubart was born on 21 October 1873 in Liegnitz, then part of the German Empire. He studied classical philology and philosophy at the Universities of Tübingen, Halle, Berlin and Breslau, earning his PhD at the latter institution in 1897. In 1900 he obtained his habilitation in ancient history at Berlin, becoming an associate professor in 1912. From 1931 to 1937 he was an honorary professor in Berlin, later serving as a professor of ancient history at the University of Leipzig...
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Jan ten Brink
1834 - 1901 (67 years)
Jan ten Brink was a Dutch writer. He was born in Appingedam, Netherlands. He studied in Leiden, went to Batavia for a few years, and in 1862 he became a teacher at a secondary school in The Hague. In 1884 he became professor in Dutch literature at the Leiden University. Ten Brink was a conservative writer. Conrad Busken Huet and, especially, the 'movement of 80', writers and poets who were far more progressive than Ten Brink, attacked him on several occasions in literary magazines such as De Gids and De Nieuwe Gids. He died, aged 67, in Leiden.
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Arnolds Spekke
1887 - 1972 (85 years)
Arnolds Spekke received a doctorate in philology from the University of Latvia in 1927. In 1932 he received a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship and went studying in Poland and Italy. From 1933 to 1939 he was the Latvian envoy to Italy, Greece, Bulgaria and Albania with permanent residence in Rome, Italy.
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Walter Raleigh
1861 - 1922 (61 years)
Sir Walter Alexander Raleigh was an English scholar, poet, and author. Raleigh was also a Cambridge Apostle. Biography Walter Alexander Raleigh was born in London, the fifth child and only son of a local Congregationalist minister. Raleigh was educated at the City of London School, Edinburgh Academy, University College London, and King's College, Cambridge.
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Émile Cartailhac
1845 - 1921 (76 years)
Émile Cartailhac was a French prehistorian, sometimes regarded as one of the founding fathers of the studies of the cave art. Cartailhac is perhaps best remembered because of his involvement with the Altamira paintings, which he originally dismissed as a forgery on the specious grounds that primitive men had no capacity for abstract thought. This ruined the reputation of Altamira's discoverer, Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, which Cartailhac feebly attempted to restore 14 years after the former's death, once mounting evidence had made the prehistoric authorship of the cave art undeniable.
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Friedrich Ueberweg
1826 - 1871 (45 years)
Friedrich Ueberweg , was a German philosopher and historian of philosophy. Biography Friedrich Ueberweg was born in Leichlingen, Rhineland. His parents were Johann Gottlob Friedrich Ueberweg , who was pastor of a Lutheran church in Leichlingen, and Helene Boeddinghaus . Helene was a daughter of Karl Theodor Boeddinghaus , who was a Lutheran pastor in the neighboring town of Ronsdorf.
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Karl Brandi
1868 - 1946 (78 years)
Karl Maria Prosper Laurenz Brandi was a German historian. In 1890–91, he wrote his dissertation on the Reichenauer documents: Die Reichenauer Urkundenfälschungen, which served as Volume 1 of Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte der Abtei Reichenau. He followed his teacher to Berlin in 1891–95. The Munich Historical Commission directed him to complete the posthumous works on August von Druffel's contributions to imperial history and the Council of Trent, Monumenta Tridentina. In 1895 he completed his own habilitation in Göttingen. From 1902 until his retirement in 1936, and again, from the o...
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Dafydd ap Llywelyn
1215 - 1246 (31 years)
Dafydd ap Llywelyn was Prince of Gwynedd from 1240 to 1246. Birth and descent Though birth years of 1208, 1206, and 1215 have been put forward for Dafydd, it has recently been persuasively argued that he was born shortly after Easter 1212. Born at Castell Hen Blas, Coleshill, Bagillt in Flintshire, he was the only son of Llywelyn the Great by his wife, Joan . His grandfather was facing trouble in England against his Barons when he was born. In his final years, Llywelyn went to great lengths to have Dafydd accepted as his sole heir. By Welsh law, Dafydd's older half-brother Gruffydd had a claim to be Llywelyn's successor.
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Henry Beeke
1751 - 1837 (86 years)
Henry Beeke was an English historian, theologian, writer on taxation and finance, and botanist. He is credited with helping to introduce the world's first modern income tax. Career Beeke was elected a scholar of Corpus Christi, Oxford in May 1769. He gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1773, a Master of Arts degree in 1776, a Bachelor of Divinity in 1785, and a Doctorate in Divinity in 1800. In 1775 Beeke became a fellow of Oriel College and was Junior Proctor of the university in 1784. Beeke was Regius Professor of Modern History between 1801 and 1813.
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Johann Wilhelm Löbell
1786 - 1863 (77 years)
Johann Wilhelm Löbell was a German historian. Biography Löbell was a native of Berlin. He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg and Berlin under Wolf and Böckh. He had entered the scholarly life against the wishes of his mother who wanted him to go into business. During the War of the Sixth Coalition , he served as a volunteer in a Landwehr installation. He was not on the frontlines but worked in a supporting office.
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Christian Daniel Beck
1757 - 1832 (75 years)
Christian Daniel Beck was a German philologist, historian, theologian and antiquarian, one of the most learned men of his time. Biography Beck was born at Leipzig and studied at Leipzig University, where in 1785 he was appointed professor of Greek and Latin literature. This post he resigned in 1819 in order to take up the professorship of history, but resumed it in 1825. In 1819, he also became editor of the Allgemeines Reportorium der neuesten in- und ausländischen Litteratur . He also had the management of the university library, was director of the institute for the deaf and dumb, and fill...
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Franz Mone
1796 - 1871 (75 years)
Franz Mone was a historian and archaeologist. He attended the gymnasium at Bruchsal and in 1814 entered Heidelberg University, where in 1817 he was appointed a lecturer in history, in 1818 a secretary at the university library, in 1819 an associate professor, in 1822 a full professor, and in 1825 head of the university library. From 1827 to 1831 he was a professor at the Catholic University of Leuven. On his return to Baden, he edited for a period the Karlsruher Zeitung; in 1835 he became archivist and director of the General National Archives in Karlsruhe, and retired in 1868.
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George Burton Adams
1851 - 1925 (74 years)
George Burton Adams was an American medievalist historian who taught at Yale University from 1888 to 1925. He was noted for his written works as well as his 1908 address as president of the American Historical Association, which lamented the encroachment of the social sciences on the field of history, a position later challenged by James Harvey Robinson. He also played a key role in the establishment of the American Historical Review. Adams was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1899, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1918.
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Johannes Kromayer
1859 - 1934 (75 years)
Johannes Kromayer was a German classical historian. He was an older brother of dermatologist Ernst Kromayer . He studied classical philology and ancient history at the universities of Jena and Strasbourg, then afterwards worked as a schoolteacher in Thann , Metz and Strasbourg . In 1898 he obtained his habilitation for ancient history, and in 1902 became an associate professor at the University of Czernowitz . From 1913 to 1927 he was a professor of ancient history at the University of Leipzig.
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Stanisław Kozierowski
1874 - 1949 (75 years)
Stanisław Kozierowski was a Polish Catholic priest and historian. Biography Kozierowski was born in Tremessen . He was a Catholic priest, professor and co-founder of the University of Poznan in 1919, also a member of the Polish Academy of Learning .
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Louis Petit de Julleville
1841 - 1900 (59 years)
Louis Petit de Julleville was a French scholar. Life Born in Paris, Petit de Julleville was educated at the École Normale Supérieure and the French School at Athens. He received his doctorate in literature in 1868. After holding various posts as a teacher, he became a professor of French medieval literature and of the history of the French language at the University of Paris in 1886.
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Hermann von Grauert
1850 - 1924 (74 years)
Hermann Heinrich Grauert since 1914 Knight of Grauert, was a German historian. He was born in Pritzwalk and died in Munich. Life After attending the Realschule in Wittstock, Grauert initially worked in his father's manufactured goods shop. In 1872 he went to Münster where in 1873 he sat exams in Latin, Greek and history, in order to obtain a qualification equivalent to the Abitur, to enable him to attend university. From 1873 to 1876 he studied history at the University of Göttingen and received his PhD under Georg Waitz. Grauert then extended his historical and legal knowledge at the univers...
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Hans Prutz
1843 - 1929 (86 years)
Hans Prutz was a German historian. Son of Robert Eduard Prutz , the essayist and historian, Hans was born at Jena, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and was educated at the universities of Jena and Berlin. In 1865 appeared his monograph on Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, which was followed by three volumes on the emperor Frederick Barbarossa . Meanwhile from 1863 to 1873 he was teaching in secondary schools. In 1874 he received a government commission to undertake explorations in Syria, particularly at Tyre, and as a result be published in 1876 Aus Phönicien, a collection of historical and geographical sketches.
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K. Jack Bauer
1926 - 1987 (61 years)
Karl Jack Bauer , was one of the founders of the North American Society for Oceanic History and a well-known naval historian. NASOH's K. Jack Bauer Award is named in his memory. Early life and education The son of Charles August Bauer, an engineer, and Isabelle Fairbanks, Jack Bauer attended Harvard College, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1948. He went on to graduate study at Indiana University, where he earned his Master of Arts in 1949 with a thesis on "United States naval shipbuilding programs, 1775-1860" and his Ph.D. degree in 1953 with a dissertation on "United State...
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Paul Murray Kendall
1911 - 1973 (62 years)
Paul Murray Kendall was an American academic and historian, who taught for over 30 years at Ohio University and then, after his retirement, at the University of Kansas. Biography Kendall was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Frankford High School in 1928. He studied at the University of Virginia, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1932, and master's in 1933. In 1937, while studying for a Ph.D, he became an instructor in English at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. He obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Virginia in 1939, and continued as professor at Ohio University, and w...
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Guibert of Nogent
1055 - 1124 (69 years)
Guibert de Nogent was a Benedictine historian, theologian, and author of autobiographical memoirs. Guibert was relatively unknown in his own time, going virtually unmentioned by his contemporaries. He has only recently caught the attention of scholars who have been more interested in his extensive autobiographical memoirs and personality which provide insight into medieval life.
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Jean François Boissonade de Fontarabie
1774 - 1857 (83 years)
Jean François Boissonade de Fontarabie was a French classical scholar. Life He was born in Paris. In 1792 he entered the public service during the administration of General Dumouriez. Driven out in 1795, he was restored by Lucien Bonaparte, during whose time of office he served as secretary to the prefecture of the Upper Marne. He then resigned public employment permanently, in order to devote his time to the study of Greek. In 1809 he was appointed deputy professor of Greek at the faculty of letters at Paris, and titular professor in 1813 on the death of Pierre Henri Larcher. In 1828 he succeeded Jean-Baptiste Gail in the chair of Greek at the Collège de France.
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Ignacy Chrzanowski
1866 - 1940 (74 years)
Ignacy Chrzanowski was a Polish historian of literature, professor of the Jagiellonian University, arrested by the Nazis as part of the Sonderaktion Krakau and killed in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
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Matthias Christian Sprengel
1746 - 1803 (57 years)
Matthias Christian Sprengel was a German geographer and historian. He was notably the author of works on North American history, the American Revolution and Maratha history. He studied history at the University of Göttingen as a pupil of August Ludwig von Schlözer. In 1778 he became an associate professor, and during the following year, relocated to the University of Halle as a full professor of history. At Halle he worked closely with Johann Reinhold Forster, who in time, became Sprengel's father-in-law.
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