The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
Students and researchers now have a fast and reliable way to find influential thinkers from 24 disciplines and 300 sub-disciplines (and growing). If you want to find history’s most influential philsosophers, or the world’s most influential mathematicians currently, now you can.
We also provide custom rankings of people by discipline as well as interviews with influential academics who are currently active.
To use this tool, select the discipline (and optional subdiscipline) relevant to your research, and specify influential academics by history, world, or US. Even results that are counterintuitive are often enlightening (our algorithm always picks up a signal).
Methodology: How and Why We Rank by Influence …
See additional learning tools, study tips, features on campus life and much more at our Student Resources Headquarters.
List of the most influential people in Literature,
#7601
Ivan Lopukhin
1756 - 1816 (60 years)
Ivan Vladimirovich Lopukhin was an Imperial Russian philosopher, mystic, writer and humanitarian. Born to the wealthy Lopukhin family in 1756 in Voskreskenskoye, Lopukhin joined the Preobrazhensky Lifeguard regiment in 1775. He retired a colonel 7 years later due to health concerns. After serving as a counselor and later court president on the Moscow Criminal court between 1782 and 1785, he was introduced to rosicrucianism, martinism and freemasonry through his friend Nikolay Novikov and began a career as a writer and printer, while entering civil service. He became Senator in 1798.
Go to Profile#7602
Ernie Kovacs
1919 - 1962 (43 years)
Ernest Edward Kovacs was an American comedian, actor, and writer. Kovacs's visually experimental and often spontaneous comedic style influenced numerous television comedy programs for years after his death. Kovacs has been credited as an influence by many individuals and shows, including Johnny Carson, Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In, Saturday Night Live, Monty Python's Flying Circus, Jim Henson, Max Headroom, Chevy Chase, Conan O'Brien, Jimmy Kimmel, Captain Kangaroo, Sesame Street, The Electric Company, Pee-wee's Playhouse, The Muppet Show, Dave Garroway, Andy Kaufman, You Can't Do That on Television, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Uncle Floyd, among others.
Go to Profile#7603
Ernst von Wildenbruch
1845 - 1909 (64 years)
Ernst von Wildenbruch was a German poet and dramatist. Biography Wildenbruch was born at Beirut in Lebanon, the son of the Prussian consul-general, Ludwig von Wildenbruch, who was himself an illegitimate son of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia. Having passed his early years at Athens and Constantinople, where his father was attached to the Prussian legation, he came in 1857 to the Kingdom of Prussia, received his early schooling at the Padagogium at Halle and the Französische Gymnasium in Berlin, and, after passing through the cadet school, became, in 1863, an officer in the Prussian Army. T...
Go to Profile#7604
Ernst Schwarz
1895 - 1983 (88 years)
Ernst Schwarz was an Austro-Hungarian-born German philologist who was Professor of Ancient German language and Literature at Charles University, and later Professor of Germanic and German Philology at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg. Schwarz specialized in Germanic studies, especially dialectology and onomastics, with a particular focus on the Sudeten Germans.
Go to Profile#7605
George William Hunter
1874 - 1948 (74 years)
George William Hunter was an American writer. He wrote Civic Biology, the text at the center of the Scopes "monkey" trial in 1925. George William Hunter Jr. spent his later years lecturing at the Claremont Colleges. He died on February 4, 1948, at the age of 74, in Claremont, California. He is buried in Hillside Cemetery in Redlands, California.
Go to Profile#7606
Benjamin Farrington
1891 - 1974 (83 years)
Benjamin Farrington was an Irish scholar and professor of Classics, teaching in Ireland , South Africa , and Great Britain . Although his academic career spanned several disciplines, he is most well known for his contributions to the history of Greek science. Moreover, within the development of the discipline, his books were some of the first written in the English language that focused specifically on Greek science. In addition to his professional academic career he was also active in socialist politics, using his intellectual capabilities to speak and write on it. While beginning his acade...
Go to Profile#7607
Martin Bell
1918 - 1978 (60 years)
Vincent Martin Oliver Bell was an English poet who was a key member of The Group, an informal group of poets who met in London from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. Biography Bell was born in Hampshire, England. He attended the University of Southampton, then called University College, Southampton, where he read for an external London Honours degree in English, followed in 1939 by a diploma in Education. He served from 1939 to 1946 with the Royal Engineers in Lebanon, Syria and Italy.
Go to Profile#7608
Oleh Olzhych
1907 - 1944 (37 years)
Oleh Oleksandrovych Kandyba , better known by the pen name of Oleh Olzhych , was a Ukrainian poet and political activist. He was forced to emigrate from Ukraine in 1923 due to occupation by the Soviet Russia and lived in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He graduated in 1929 from Charles University with a degree in archaeology. In 1929 he joined the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and became head of their cultural and educational branch.
Go to Profile#7609
Paul Albar
800 - 861 (61 years)
Paul Albar was a Mozarab Andalusi scholar, poet and theologian of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule. He is most notable for his writings around the time of a rising high civilization of Islam, owing to the Caliph's efforts. He also wrote the Vita Eulogii , a biography of his close friend and fellow theologian Eulogius of Córdoba. Although Christians living in Córdoba and the rest of Muslim Iberia during his time lived under relative religious freedom, Albar was amongst the Christians who perceived the many restrictions on the practice of their faith to be unacceptable persecution; they...
Go to Profile#7610
Sidney Lanier
1842 - 1881 (39 years)
Sidney Clopton Lanier was an American musician, poet and author. He served in the Confederate States Army as a private, worked on a blockade-running ship for which he was imprisoned , taught, worked at a hotel where he gave musical performances, was a church organist, and worked as a lawyer. As a poet he sometimes used dialects. Many of his poems are written in heightened, but often archaic, American English. He became a flautist and sold poems to publications. He eventually became a professor of literature at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and is known for his adaptation of musical meter to poetry.
Go to Profile#7611
Sophie Jewett
1861 - 1909 (48 years)
Sophie Jewett , also known under the pseudonym Ellen Burroughs, was an American lyric poet, translator, and professor at Wellesley College. Much of her poetry contains lesbian themes. Family Jewett was born in Moravia, New York, one of four children of Charles Carroll Jewett, a doctor, and Ellen Ransom Jewett. Her mother died when she was 7 and her father when she was 9, after which she was raised by an uncle, Daniel Burroughs, and her grandmother in Buffalo. Her sister Louise became a noted art historian. In Buffalo, she developed a friendship with Mary Whiton Calkins, the daughter of her mi...
Go to Profile#7612
Ewen MacLachlan
1775 - 1822 (47 years)
Ewen MacLachlan was a Scottish scholar and poet. He is noted for his translations of ancient classical literature into Gaelic, for his own Gaelic verse, and for his contribution to Gaelic dictionaries.
Go to Profile#7613
Ludwig Lange
1825 - 1885 (60 years)
Christian Conrad Ludwig Lange was a German philologist and archaeologist. Biography He studied at the University of Göttingen under Karl Friedrich Hermann, and in 1855 became a full professor of classical philology at the University of Prague. In 1859 he relocated as a professor to the University of Giessen, and in 1871 moved to Leipzig, where in 1879/80 he served as university rector.
Go to Profile#7614
David Friedrich Weinland
1829 - 1915 (86 years)
David Friedrich Weinland was a German zoologist and novelist. The son of a pastor, Weinland attended the Protestant Seminary in Maulbronn from 1843 to 1847. He studied theology at the University of Tübingen 1847–51, followed by two semester of studying natural sciences. He earned his PhD in 1852. then worked as an assistant at the Zoological Museum in Berlin. From 1855 he conducted scientific investigations in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean and worked for three years in Louis Agassiz's microscopical laboratory at Harvard University.
Go to Profile#7615
William Edmondstoune Aytoun
1813 - 1865 (52 years)
William Edmondstoune Aytoun FRSE was a Scottish poet, lawyer by training, and professor of rhetoric and belles lettres at the University of Edinburgh. He published poetry, translation, prose fiction, criticism and satire and was a lifelong contributor to the Edinburgh literary periodical Blackwood's Magazine. He was also a collector of Scottish ballads.
Go to Profile#7616
Richard Simpson
1820 - 1876 (56 years)
Richard Simpson was a British Roman Catholic writer and literary scholar. He was born at Beddington, Surrey, into an Anglican family, and was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and at Oriel College, Oxford. He obtained a BA degree on 9 February 1843. He was ordained in the Church of England, and became the vicar of Mitcham in Surrey, in 1844, the same year that he married his cousin, Elizabeth Mary Cranmer. He resigned his position some time before being received into the Catholic Church on 1 August 1846. He then spent more than a year on the continent, becoming very proficient as a linguis...
Go to Profile#7617
Camillo Ranzani
1775 - 1841 (66 years)
Camillo Ranzani was an Italian priest and a naturalist. He was director of the Museum of Natural History of Bologna from 1803 to 1841 . Ranzani wrote Elementi di zoologia which was published in Bologna from 1819 to 1825.
Go to Profile#7618
Hugo Blümner
1844 - 1919 (75 years)
Hugo Blümner was a German classical archaeologist and philologist. Biography Blümner studied with Otto Jahn in Bonn and wrote his doctoral thesis 1866 in Berlin on Lucian. He taught in the universities of Breslau and Königsberg, and after 1877 was professor in the University of Zürich. He is author and editor of many philological and archaeological works, of which the most important are: Die gewerbliche Thätigkeit der Völker des klassischen Altertums , Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und Römern , Leben und Sitten der Griechen , Der Maximaltarif des Diokletian, with Theodor Mommsen and Pausaniæ Græciæ Descriptio .
Go to Profile#7619
T. J. Morgan
1907 - 1986 (79 years)
Thomas John Morgan , better known as T. J. Morgan, was a Welsh academic. He was Professor of Welsh at Swansea University from 1961 to 1975. Life Morgan was born at "Ynys-y-mwn", in the village of Glais, near Swansea, and he studied Welsh at Swansea University. In 1926, he met his future wife, Huana Rees, at the National Eisteddfod of Wales. The couple wed in 1935. They had two sons: the politician Rhodri Morgan and historian Prys Morgan .
Go to Profile#7620
Frederic Stanley Dunn
1872 - 1937 (65 years)
Frederic "Freddie" Stanley Dunn was an American scholar of classical studies on the faculty of the University of Oregon , and a Ku Klux Klan leader. Early life and education Born in Eugene, Oregon, on August 3, 1872, Dunn was the son of Francis Berrian Dunn and Christiann Cecilia Dunn. He was on the roll of honor in 1879 for being "neither absent nor tardy during the month." He received A.B. degrees from UO and Harvard University ; he earned A.M. degrees from UO and Harvard .
Go to Profile#7621
Juan Bautista Pablo Forner
1756 - 1797 (41 years)
Juan Bautista Pablo Forner , Spanish a satirist and scholar, was born in Mérida . He studied at the University of Salamanca and was called to bar in Madrid in 1783. During the next few years under the pseudonyms of Tome Cecial, Pablo Segarra, Don Antonio Varas, Bartolo, Pablo Ignocausto, El Bachiller Regañadientes, and Silvio Liberio Forner was engaged in a series of polemics with García de la Huerta, Iriarte and other writers; the violence of his attacks was so extreme that he was finally forbidden to publish any controversial pamphlets, and was transferred to a legal post at Seville. In 1796 he became crown prosecutor at Madrid, where he died on 7 March 1799.
Go to Profile#7622
Richard T. Sullivan
1908 - 1981 (73 years)
Richard T. Sullivan was a novelist, short-story writer, and member of the faculty of the University of Notre Dame. His novels and short story collections include The World of Idella May, The Three Kings, Summer After Summer, The Dark Continent, and First Citizen. He wrote numerous book reviews for The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune. He was a popular teacher at Notre Dame.
Go to Profile#7623
Johann Major
1533 - 1600 (67 years)
Johann Major was a German Protestant theologian, humanist and poet. Life Major was born in Sankt Joachimsthal in the Kingdom of Bohemia. He matriculated in 1549 at the University of Wittenberg, and died in Zerbst.
Go to Profile#7624
Jakob Schipper
1842 - 1915 (73 years)
Jakob Markus Schipper was a German-Austrian philologist and English scholar . Biography He was the son of a farmer. He studied modern languages in Bonn, Paris, Rome, and Oxford, collaborated on the revision of Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, and was professor of English philology at Königsberg from 1872 until 1877, when he received a like position in Vienna. There he was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1887. He was rector of the University of Vienna 1901–02, and retired in 1913.
Go to Profile#7625
Adolf Wilhelm
1864 - 1950 (86 years)
Adolf Wilhelm was an Austrian classical philologist and epigrapher. From 1882 to 1886 he studied classical philology at the University of Graz, and from 1889 to 1892, conducted research in Greece and Asia Minor. In 1894 he obtained his habilitation at the University of Vienna, where from 1905 to 1933 he taught classes as a professor of ancient Greek philology and epigraphy.
Go to Profile#7626
Frances Garnet Wolseley, 2nd Viscountess Wolseley
1872 - 1936 (64 years)
Frances Garnet Wolseley, 2nd Viscountess Wolseley was an English gardening author and instructor. Her Glynde College for Lady Gardeners in East Sussex had the patronage of famous gardening names such as Gertrude Jekyll, Ellen Willmott, and William Robinson.
Go to Profile#7627
Ernst Stadler
1883 - 1914 (31 years)
Ernst Stadler was a German Expressionist poet. He was born in Colmar, Alsace-Lorraine and educated in Strasbourg and Oxford; in 1906 he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Magdalen College, Oxford.
Go to Profile#7628
Johannes Østrup
1867 - 1938 (71 years)
Johannes Elith Østrup was a Danish philologist and professor at the University of Copenhagen where he served as rector from 1934 to 1935. In 1893, after a study tour in the Middle East, he rode on horseback back to Copenhagen, crossing much of Asia Minor and continental Europe.
Go to Profile#7629
John Duncan Spaeth
1868 - 1954 (86 years)
John Duncan Ernst Spaeth was an American philologist. A professor of English at Princeton University and later President of the University of Kansas, Spaeth was considered one of the foremost authorities on William Shakespeare in the United States.
Go to Profile#7630
Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė
1886 - 1958 (72 years)
Sofija Čiurlionienė née Kymantaitė was a Lithuanian writer, educator, and activist. After studies at girls' gymnasiums in Saint Petersburg and Riga, she studied philosophy, literature, art history at the and Jagiellonian University. She returned to Lithuania in 1907 and joined the cultural life of Vilnius. In January 1909, she married painter and composer Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, but he died in April 1911 leaving her with an infant daughter. Until the start of World War I, she taught Lithuanian language and literature at teachers' courses established by the Saulė Society in Kaunas. She lectured at the Vytautas Magnus University from 1925 to her retirement in 1938.
Go to Profile#7631
William Cranston Lawton
1853 - 1941 (88 years)
William Cranston Lawton was an American author and educator. He graduated from Harvard in 1873; studied at Berlin in 1882–83, the year before having been a member of the Assos expedition; from 1895 to 1907 was professor of Greek language and literature in Adelphi College, Brooklyn.
Go to Profile#7632
Tjan Tjoe Som
1903 - 1969 (66 years)
Tjan Tjoe Som was an Indonesian Chinese intellectual and sinologist at the University of Indonesia. Early life Tjan was the son of a prominent Muslim Chinese family in Surakarta, Dutch East Indies. His first education was in the local HCS and then in the AMS in Yogyakarta.
Go to Profile#7633
Zola Helen Ross
1912 - 1989 (77 years)
Zola Helen Ross was a Pacific Northwest writer. She also taught writing and co-founded the Pacific Northwest Writers Association with Lucile Saunders McDonald of The Seattle Times. She wrote in various genres, including adventure, children's fiction, crime, mystery, and suspense. She was also the author of several Western historical novels; her male counterpart was Louis L'Amour. The Pacific Northwest and the Great Basin are the settings for her stories, and they include the towns of Reno, San Francisco, and Seattle. Ross occasionally wrote under the pseudonyms Helen Arre and Bert Iles. She ...
Go to Profile#7634
Varvara Adrianova-Peretz
1888 - 1972 (84 years)
Professor Varvara Pavlovna Adrianova-Peretz was a Soviet and Russian philologist and medievalist specializing in Old Russian literature, folklore, and hagiography. She was a corresponding member of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union .
Go to Profile#7635
Jasobanta Dasa
1487 - Present (539 years)
Jasobanta Dasa was an Odia poet, litterateur and mystic. He was one of the five great poets in Odia literature, the Panchasakha during the Bhakti age of literature. He is known for his work Prema Bhakti Brahma Gita.
Go to Profile#7636
Lü Liuliang
1629 - 1683 (54 years)
Lü Liuliang was a Han Chinese poet and author from Tongxiang, Zhejiang province. He was born under the Ming dynasty but died under the Manchu Qing dynasty. Career In 1647 one of his nephews was executed for anti-Qing activity. Lü took active part in the anti-Manchu military movement that followed the fall of the Ming in 1644. After the failure of the Ming loyalist movement, he became a hermit and a physician. He refused to serve the new dynasty, despite frequent requests, because he argued that upholding the difference between Hua and barbarians was more important than respecting the righteou...
Go to Profile#7637
Kalonymus ben Kalonymus
1286 - Present (740 years)
Kalonymus ben Kalonymus ben Meir , also romanized as Qalonymos ben Qalonymos or Calonym ben Calonym, also known as Maestro Calo was a Jewish philosopher and translator from the Hachmei Provence of Provence, France. Kalonymus studied philosophy and rabbinical literature at Salon-de-Provence under the direction of Abba Mari ben Eligdor and Moses ben Solomon of Beaucaire. Kalonymus also studied medicine, but seems not to have practiced it.
Go to Profile#7638
Joseph Anstice
1808 - 1836 (28 years)
Joseph Anstice was an English classical scholar, and for four years professor of classical literature in King's College London. Biography Anstice born at Madeley Wood Hall, Madeley, Shropshire, second son of William Anstice, a local mine owner. He was educated at a private school at Enmore, Somerset, and at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford , taking his BA on 3 February 1831, and M.A. on 2 April 1835. In 1831 he was appointed professor of classical literature in King's College, London, a post which he resigned in 1835 from ill-health. He died on 29 February 1836 at Torquay.
Go to Profile#7639
Cino da Pistoia
1270 - 1336 (66 years)
Cino da Pistoia was an Italian jurist and poet. He was the university teacher of Bartolus de Saxoferrato and a friend and intellectual influence on Dante Alighieri. Life Cino was born in Pistoia, Tuscany. His full name was Guittoncino dei Sinibaldi or, Latinised, Cinus de Sighibuldis. His father was a nobleman from the House of Sinibaldi.
Go to Profile#7640
Maria Timpanaro Cardini
1890 - 1978 (88 years)
Maria Timpanaro Cardini , born Maria Cardini, was an Italian philologist who studied the history of ancient philosophy and history of science. Biography Cardini was born in Arezzo on August 24, 1890. She received her degree in Greek philology in Naples in 1914. She traveled briefly to Berlin to study with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Hermann Diels. Cardini was active for several years as a dadaist poet. She was friends with, among others, Tristan Tzara, but abandoned poetic practice in 1920.
Go to Profile#7641
Mary Vivian Hughes
1866 - 1956 (90 years)
Mary Vivian Hughes , usually known as Molly Hughes and published under M. V. Hughes, was a British educator and author. Life The daughter of a London stockbroker, she was born Mary Thomas and passed most of her childhood in Canonbury, under the watchful eyes of four older brothers. Her father, a modestly successful stockbroker, was discovered dead on a train line in 1879. His death remains a mystery. She attended the North London Collegiate School and the Cambridge Training College for Women, and was later awarded her BA in London.
Go to Profile#7642
Carl Nipperdey
1821 - 1875 (54 years)
Carl Ludwig Nipperdey, also Karl Ludwig Nipperdey was a German classical philologist. Life Carl Nipperdey was born as the son of the painter Heinrich Nipperdey in Schwerin. He initially received private lessons, mainly in Latin, and from 1834 attended the . In 1840 he began studying philology in Leipzig with Moriz Haupt and Gottfried Hermann, among others, which he continued from 1843 at the University of Berlin, among others with Karl Lachmann . He received his doctorate in Berlin in 1846 with the thesis De supplementis commentariorum C. Julii Caesaris and then worked as a private scholar in Leipzig.
Go to Profile#7643
Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy
1890 - 1965 (75 years)
Hasan Shahid Suhrawardy , also known as Shahid Suhrawardy was a Bengali diplomat, translator, poet and art critic. Family and education Shahid Suhrawardy's father, Sir Zahid Suhrawardy, was a Justice of the Calcutta High Court and his younger brother Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy was a politician and 5th Prime Minister of Pakistan. Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, his first cousin, was an intellectual and diplomat.
Go to Profile#7644
Barbu Solacolu
1897 - 1976 (79 years)
Barbu Solacolu was a Romanian poet, translator, civil servant and social scientist. Born into a prosperous and intellectual family, he became a late affiliate of the Symbolist movement, bringing to it his own leftist sympathies and agrarianism. Despite spending the early stages of World War I among non-interventionists such as Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești and Ioan Slavici, he eventually servd with distinctions as a cavalry commander, and also participated in the Hungarian–Romanian War. Solacolu trained as an economist in Weimar Germany, returning to serve the Romanian state as a civil servant. He...
Go to Profile#7645
Louis Johnson
1924 - 1988 (64 years)
Louis Albert Johnson was a New Zealand poet. Life He graduated from Wellington Teachers’ Training College. From 1968 to 1980, Johnson lived overseas and traveled widely, with an extended stay in Papua New Guinea.
Go to Profile#7646
Tommaso Campailla
1668 - 1740 (72 years)
Tommaso Campailla was an Italian philosopher, physician, politician and poet. Life Tommaso Campailla was born in Modica, near Syracuse, in 1668. His family belonged to the local nobility. At sixteen he was sent to Catania to study law. He employed his leisure hours in the study of literature, philosophy, science, astronomy, and physics. He studied both neo-Scholastic and Cartesian philosophy, and adopted a mechanical view of the universe.
Go to Profile#7647
Nathan Bodington
1848 - 1911 (63 years)
Sir Nathan Bodington was the first Vice Chancellor of the University of Leeds having been Principal and Professor of Greek at the Yorkshire College since 1883. From 1897 to 1901 he was also Vice-Chancellor of the Victoria University.
Go to Profile#7648
Leo Kiacheli
1884 - 1963 (79 years)
Leo Kiacheli was a Soviet and Georgian writer. He is noted for the novels Gvadi Bigva, Tavadis Kali Maya , Almasgir Kibulan, and Haki Adzba. Major works Novels and novellas Tariel Golua Almazgir Kibulan Blood Tavadis Kali Maya Haki Adzba Gvadi Bigva Man of Mountain
Go to Profile#7649
John Logan
1923 - 1987 (64 years)
John B. Logan was an American poet and teacher. Logan was born in Red Oak, Iowa. He earned a bachelor's degree from Coe College, his master's degree from the Iowa University, and did graduate work at Georgetown University and the University of Notre Dame in philosophy.
Go to Profile#7650
Mehdi Bayani
1906 - 1968 (62 years)
Mehdi Bayani was the founder and the first head of the National Library of Iran, specialist in Persian manuscripts and calligraphy, writer, researcher, and professor at the University of Tehran. Life and careers Mehdi Bayani was born in 1906 in Hamedan, Iran. His father, "Mirza Mohammad Khan Mostofi Farahani", was from the succession of teachers and accountant of Farahan and his maternal ancestor was "Mirza Soleimaan Bayan ol-Saltaneh Farahani", the head of the royal exchequer and the author of "the treatise on the rules of clerking and accounting". At the age of two, his father died and his mother came to Tehran with him and other children.
Go to Profile