The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
Students and researchers now have a fast and reliable way to find influential thinkers from 24 disciplines and 300 sub-disciplines (and growing). If you want to find history’s most influential philsosophers, or the world’s most influential mathematicians currently, now you can.
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List of the most influential people in Philosophy,
#18751
Flora Belle Ludington
1898 - 1967 (69 years)
Flora Belle Ludington was an American librarian and author. Ludington served as the head librarian for Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, from 1938 until 1964. Life Born in Huron County, Michigan, Ludington moved to Wenatchee, Washington, as a young girl. At fourteen, she began her library career as a volunteer in the Carnegie public library in Wanatchee. She worked as an assistant in the University of Washington library, where she received a bachelor's degree in librarianship in 1920. She left Washington to be a reference librarian at Mills College, where she went on to study and receive a master's degree in history fin 1925.
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Eudo Mason
1901 - 1969 (68 years)
Eudo Colecestra Mason was a scholar and professor of German at Edinburgh University, joining in 1946 and becoming Chair of German in 1951, a position he held until his death in 1969, only the third person to take the role since 1919. He had previously worked as a lecturer in Münster, Leipzig, and Basle.
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Albert Lautman
1908 - 1944 (36 years)
Albert Lautman was a French philosopher of mathematics, born in Paris. An escaped prisoner of war, he was shot by the Nazi authorities in Toulouse on 1 August 1944. Family His father was a Jewish emigrant from Vienna who became a medical doctor after he was seriously wounded in the First World War.
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Georg Waaler
1895 - 1983 (88 years)
Georg Waaler was a Norwegian physician, a professor of forensic medicine, and chairman of the Norwegian Board of Forensic Medicine. Personal life Waaler was born in Hamar on 21 March 1895 to physician Peder Ferdinand Waaler and musician Fredrikke Amalie Holtemann Rynning, and was a brother of Rolf and Erik Waaler. In 1920 he married Sophie Amalie Koller.
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Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller
1879 - 1956 (77 years)
Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller was a philosopher, author of A History of Philosophy, and president of the American Philosophical Association. He is also known and published as B.A.G. Fuller. He was the son of Horace Williams Fuller and Emily Gorham Carter. He studied at Roxbury Latin School in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and received his A.B., A.M., and Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1900, 1902, and 1906, respectively. In 1902 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, and received his B.Sc. in 1905. His Ph.D. thesis on "The Problem of Evil in Plotinus" was published in 1912. He was describe...
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Erich Frauwallner
1898 - 1974 (76 years)
Erich Frauwallner was an Austrian professor, a pioneer in the field of Buddhist studies. Career and life Frauwallner studied classical philology and Sanskrit philology in Vienna. He taught Indology from 1928-29 at the University of Vienna. His primary interest was Buddhist logic and epistemology, and later Indian Brahmanic philosophy, with close attention to primary source texts.
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Jan Łukasiewicz
1878 - 1956 (78 years)
Jan Łukasiewicz was a Polish logician and philosopher who is best known for Polish notation and Łukasiewicz logic. His work centred on philosophical logic, mathematical logic and history of logic. He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle, offering one of the earliest systems of many-valued logic. Contemporary research on Aristotelian logic also builds on innovative works by Łukasiewicz, which applied methods from modern logic to the formalization of Aristotle's syllogistic.
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H. A. Prichard
1871 - 1947 (76 years)
Harold Arthur Prichard was an English philosopher. He was born in London in 1871, the eldest child of Walter Stennett Prichard and his wife Lucy. Harold Prichard was a scholar of Clifton College from where he won a scholarship to New College, Oxford, to study mathematics. But after taking first-class honours in mathematical moderations in 1891, he studied Greats taking first-class honours in 1894. He also played tennis for Oxford against Cambridge. On leaving Oxford he spent a brief period working for a firm of solicitors in London, before returning to Oxford where he spent the rest of his life, first as Fellow of Hertford College and then of Trinity College .
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James P. Lichtenberger
1870 - 1953 (83 years)
James Pendleton Lichtenberger was an American sociologist and academic. Lichtenberger served as the twelfth president of the American Sociological Association. Early life and education Lichtenberger was born on 10 June 1870 in Decatur, Illinois to Conrad H. and Anna Elizabeth Lichtenberger, née Nesbitt. Lichtenberger attended Eureka College and received a bachelor's degree in 1893. He soon after enrolled in the ministry of the Church of the Disciples of Christ and was a pastor in the church in Canton, Illinois from 1896 to 1899, after which we transferred to a congregation in Buffalo, New York.
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Lynn H. Hough
1877 - 1971 (94 years)
Lynn Harold Hough was an American Methodist clergyman, theologian, and academic administrator. He served as the 9th president of Northwestern University from 1919 to 1920. Early life and education Lynn H. Hough was born on September 10, 1877, in Cadiz, Ohio. He earned a bachelor's degree from Scio College in 1898 and Drew University in 1905, followed by a doctorate from Garrett Biblical Institute in 1918.
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Kurt Grelling
1886 - 1942 (56 years)
Kurt Grelling was a German logician and philosopher, member of the Berlin Circle. Life and work Kurt Grelling was born on 2 March 1886 in Berlin. His father, the Doctor of Jurisprudence Richard Grelling, and his mother, Margarethe , were Jewish. Shortly after his arrival in 1905 at University of Göttingen, Grelling began a collaboration with philosopher Leonard Nelson, with whom he tried to solve Russell's paradox, which had shaken the foundations of mathematics when it was announced in 1903. Their 1908 paper included new paradoxes, including a semantic paradox that was named the Grelling–Ne...
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Carlos Real de Azúa
1916 - 1977 (61 years)
Carlos Real de Azúa was a Uruguayan lawyer, professor, essayist, sociologist and historian. Biography Real de Azúa Real was born into an old Uruguayan family, the first Real de Azúa having arrived at the Río de la Plata in 1794. He was a Catholic and, in his youth, an enthusiastic fascist and anti-liberal, an admirer of the Falange Española , a fan of the right-wing journalist and politician Benito Nardone , and an outspoken critic of Batllism .
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Andrija Štampar
1888 - 1958 (70 years)
Andrija Štampar was a distinguished scholar in the field of social medicine from Croatia. Education Štampar was born 1 September 1888 in Brodski Drenovac , at the time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in modern Požega-Slavonia County. From 1898 to 1906, he attended grammar school in Vinkovci. During his secondary schooling, Štampar was a brilliant pupil and, at that time, he wrote his first literary attempt, published in the periodical Pobratim in 1902. He enrolled at the medical school in Vienna in 1906, which was at the time the most important medical center in the world. As a medical s...
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Władysław Dobrzaniecki
1897 - 1941 (44 years)
Władysław Dobrzaniecki was a Polish physician and surgeon. Władysław was since 1936 head of the Saint Zofia Children Hospital in Lwów, and since 1938 titular professor of surgery at the Lviv University. He was a precursor of plastic surgery in Poland.
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Ernst Krieck
1882 - 1947 (65 years)
Ernst Krieck was a German teacher, writer, and professor. Along with Alfred Baeumler, Krieck was considered a leading National Socialist theoretical scientist. Life Before the Third Reich Ernst Krieck was born in 1882 in Vögisheim. After his graduation from junior high school, Krieck went to a teacher’s college in Karlsruhe. In 1900 he entered the Baden elementary school service; in 1904 he was transferred to Mannheim. During his following work as an elementary school teacher, he began to criticize the dominant school system as mechanical and too bureaucratic. During this time, Krieck contin...
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Alessandro Padoa
1868 - 1937 (69 years)
Alessandro Padoa was an Italian mathematician and logician, a contributor to the school of Giuseppe Peano. He is remembered for a method for deciding whether, given some formal theory, a new primitive notion is truly independent of the other primitive notions. There is an analogous problem in axiomatic theories, namely deciding whether a given axiom is independent of the other axioms.
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Hjalmar August Schiøtz
1850 - 1927 (77 years)
Hjalmar August Schiøtz was a Norwegian physician, ophthalmologist and educator. Schiøtz is credited as being Norway's first professor of ophthalmology. He was born in Stavanger, Norway. In 1877 he received his medical degree from the University of Kristiania later studying ophthalmology in Vienna, where he befriended Ernst Fuchs , and in Paris, where he was employed as "directeur adjoint" in the ophthalmology laboratory at the Sorbonne. In 1884 he became head of a polyclinic for ear, nose, throat and eye diseases in Kristiania. Dating from 1898, he started teaching ophthalmology at the Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet.
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Leonard Marsh
1906 - 1983 (77 years)
Leonard Charles Marsh was a Canadian social scientist and professor. Early life and education Marsh was born in England and graduated from the London School of Economics in 1928. After graduation, he studied wages and housing and conducted research for Sir William Beveridge.
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Bruno Fleischer
1874 - 1965 (91 years)
Bruno Otto Fleischer was a German ophthalmologist. Kayser-Fleischer rings and Fleischer rings are named for him. Further reading
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Hans Mersmann
1891 - 1971 (80 years)
Hans Mersmann was a German music historian, musicologist and teacher of music. Life Born in Potsdam, Mersmann studies in Munich and Berlin. He received his doctorate in 1914. One year later he was commissioned by the Prussian Folk Song Commission to create a folk song archive. From 1924 to 1933, he was editor-in-chief of the magazine "Melos". In 1926, he became a professor at the Technical University of Berlin. In 1933, after the Nazi takeover, he was dismissed from the university on the grounds that he had worked in the field of Neue Musik. He was then obliged to give private music lessons....
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Theodore Wesley Koch
1871 - 1941 (70 years)
Theodore Wesley Koch was the Director of Northwestern University's library , and the Director of the University of Michigan Library . He also held positions at the Cornell University Library and the Library of Congress.
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Theodore Henry Robinson
1881 - 1964 (83 years)
Theodore Henry Robinson was a British biblical scholar who became professor of Semitic languages at University College, Cardiff. Life Robinson was born in Edenbridge, Kent, on 9 August 1881 to the Baptist minister W. Venis Robinson and his wife Emily Jane. After studying at St. John's College, Cambridge, Regent's Park Baptist College and Göttingen University he taught Hebrew and Syriac at Serampore College, Bengal.
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George Barton Cutten
1874 - 1962 (88 years)
George Barton Cutten was a Canadian-born psychologist, moral philosopher, historian and university administrator. He was president of Acadia University from 1910 to 1922 and Colgate University from 1922 to 1942.
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Ralph Munn
1894 - 1975 (81 years)
Ralph W. Munn was an eminent figure in the field of American and international library and information science. Recognized by the journal American Libraries as one of "100 of the most important leaders we had in the 20th century", and described as an "administrator, educator, and author ... known for his fairness, clarity, and grace", he was also widely known within the profession as "the father of the modern library movement in Australia and New Zealand".
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Giorgio Fano
1885 - 1963 (78 years)
Giorgio Fano was an Italian philosopher and linguist. He belonged to the school of Italian neo-idealist thinkers, among a group of artists and writers who made Trieste of the early Twentieth Century a notable center of intellectual activity. Fano read and interpreted the work of Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile from an original point of view. In particular, he recognized the importance of the natural sciences and mathematics, which in his system are not pseudo-concepts. He also stressed the major importance of the simplest and most basic aspects of the life of mind, inspired by reflection...
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Othmar Spann
1878 - 1950 (72 years)
Othmar Spann was a conservative Austrian philosopher, sociologist and economist. His radical anti-liberal and anti-socialist views, based on early 19th century Romantic ideas expressed by Adam Müller et al. and popularized in his books and lecture courses, helped antagonise political factions in Austria during the interwar years.
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Shashibhusan Dasgupta
1911 - 1964 (53 years)
Shashibhusan Dasgupta, or Shashi Bhushan Dasgupta, Shashibhusan and Shashi Bhusan Das Gupta was a Bengali scholar of philosophy, languages, literature , literary critic, author and theologian. Dasgupta was born in Chandrahar Village in modern Barisal Division, South-Central Bangladesh. He obtained his IA from B M College, Barisal, his BA in Philosophy from Scottish Church College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. His MA in Bengali Language and Literature was from Calcutta University in 1935, and he subsequently joined Calcutta University's Bengali Department as a Researcher. Winning the 1937 Pr...
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Kazimierz Pelczar
1894 - 1943 (49 years)
Kazimierz Pelczar was a Polish academic and physician. Professor of the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius and pioneer of oncology research and treatment, he was murdered in the Ponary massacre. Biography Kazimierz Pelczar was born on 2 August 1894 in Truskawiec. His father, Z. Pelczar, was a physician himself, owner of a sanatorium and author of about 20 articles. In the years 1912–1914 he studied medicine at Jagiellonian University in Kraków. During the First World War he was conscripted by the Austro-Hungarian Army, he was taken prisoner of war by the Imperial Russian Army in 1915 and soon joined the Red Cross.
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Arnold Buffum Chace
1845 - 1932 (87 years)
Arnold Buffum Chace was an American textile businessman, mathematics scholar, and eleventh chancellor of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Family Arnold was born November 10, 1845, in Cumberland, Rhode Island. His paternal grandfather Oliver Chace was founder of the Valley Falls textile company, which later became Berkshire Hathaway. His parents Samuel Buffington Chace and Elizabeth Buffum Chace were Quakers and prominent anti-slavery activists. His maternal grandfather, Arnold Buffum, was president of the New England Anti-Slavery Society. His sister Lillie became an author and so...
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Willi Kahl
1893 - 1962 (69 years)
Theodor Friedrich Wilhelm Willi Kahl was a German musicologist. Life Born in Saverne The focal points of his academic work are the history of piano music, Schubert research, as well as the music history of the Rhineland and the music bibliography.
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Rudolf Stammler
1856 - 1938 (82 years)
Karl Eduard Julius Theodor Rudolf Stammler was an influential German philosopher of law. He distinguished a purely formal concept of law from the ideal, the realization of justice. He thought that, rather than reacting and adjusting the law to economic pressures, the law should be deliberately steered towards the current ideal.
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Karl Leichter
1902 - 1987 (85 years)
Karl Leichter was an Estonian musicologist. He graduated in 1929 in theory and composition, studying under Heino Eller with pupils such as Eduard Tubin, Alfred Karindi, Eduard Oja and Olav Roots. Between 1929 and 1931 he worked in the Estonian Folklore Archives. Following World War II and the ensuing Soviet occupation of Estonia, he worked hard to re-establish functioning musical education and musicological research. For a short period, he was dean of Tallinn State Conservatory, but quickly lost his position due to political reasons. Only after Stalin's death could he slowly work his way bac...
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Gotthold Frotscher
1897 - 1967 (70 years)
Gotthold Frotscher was a German music historian and musicologist. Life Born in , Frotscher was the son of Oberkirchenrat Dr. Paul G. Frotscher and his wife Ida H. Berger. Frotscher finished his schooling at the humanistic grammar school in Freiberg in 1916 as . He then began to study mainly musicology, German and philosophy at the University of Leipzig and the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. His professors included Hermann Abert, Albert Köster, Felix Krueger, Hugo Riemann, Arnold Schering, Eduard Spranger and Wilhelm Wundt.
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Charles George Herbermann
1840 - 1916 (76 years)
Charles George Herbermann was a German-American professor and historian. Biography Charles George Herbermann was born in Saerbeck near Münster, Westphalia, Prussia on 8 December 1840, the son of George Herbermann and Elizabeth Stipp. He arrived in the United States in 1851, and seven years later graduated at College of St. Francis Xavier, New York City. He was appointed professor of Latin language and Literature and librarian at the College of the City of New York. For more than 50 years, he was immersed amidst various issues involved with Catholicism. He was president of the Catholic Club and of the United States Catholic Historical Society .
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Gerhart Husserl
1893 - 1973 (80 years)
Gerhart Adolf Husserl was a German legal scholar and philosopher. He was the eldest son of philosopher Edmund Husserl . Born in Halle, Saxony, in 1893. He was on active duty during the Great war, and suffered a serious wound in 1917 and again in 1918, losing the sight of his left eye. Gerhart Husserl nonetheless managed to finish his University studies and habilitated in 1924. In two years, on 18 November 1926 he became a Professor of Law at the University of Kiel. He was dismissed due to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service in 1933, and eventually emigrated to the United States.
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William Boericke
1849 - 1929 (80 years)
William G. Boericke was an Austrian-born American physician and ardent, influential exponent of homeopathy. He is known in the field today as the compiler and editor of the Pocket Manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica. The ninth edition has endured as his most re-published version partly because of its then final inclusion of a mini-repertory by his brother, Oscar Eugene Boericke, MD, also a homeopathic physician.
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Tetsuro Watsuji
1889 - 1960 (71 years)
Tetsuro Watsuji was a Japanese historian and moral philosopher. Early life Watsuji was born in Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture to a physician. During his youth he enjoyed poetry and had a passion for Western literature. For a short time he was the coeditor of a literary magazine and was involved in writing poems and plays. His interests in philosophy came to light while he was a student at First Higher School in Tokyo, although his interest in literature would always remain strong throughout his life.
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Edgar von Gierke
1877 - 1945 (68 years)
Edgar Otto Conrad von Gierke was a German Jewish pathologist who specialized in glycogenesis and discovered glycogen storage disease type I in 1929. Early life Edgar was born in 1877 the Prussian province of Silesia in Breslau to a famous Pomeranian German family. He was the son of the noted legal scholar Otto von Gierke and Marie Caecilie Elise née Loening . Edgar had a sister named Anna von Gierke and a brother named Julius. Marie was an Evangelical Christian but her parents had converted from Judaism to Christianity in the 1840s prior to her birth. Thus, under the racial laws of German Nazi rule, she was considered to be Jewish as was Edgar, who identified as a Protestant.
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Warren Ashby
1920 - 1985 (65 years)
Dr. Warren Ashby was an American philosopher, born in Newport News, Virginia. Biography Ashby graduated with a bachelor of arts from Maryville College, Tennessee, in 1939 and earned B.D. and Ph.D. degrees from Yale University. Following graduation, Ashby taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1947–1949, then joined the faculty of Woman's College where he taught philosophy until his retirement in 1983. Ashby, who specialized in western ethics, originated and served as head of the Department of Philosophy for twenty years. In 1970 he founded a residential college on the campus, later named Warren Ashby Residential College at Mary Foust in his honor.
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Salvador Mazza
Salvador Mazza was a noted Argentine physician and epidemiologist, best known for his strides in helping control American trypanosomiasis, an endemic disease among the rural, poor majority of early 20th century South America.
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Max Beckmann
1884 - 1950 (66 years)
Max Carl Friedrich Beckmann was a German painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, and writer. Although he is classified as an Expressionist artist, he rejected both the term and the movement. In the 1920s, he was associated with the New Objectivity , an outgrowth of Expressionism that opposed its introverted emotionalism. Even when dealing with light subject matter like circus performers, Beckmann often had an undercurrent of moodiness or unease in his works. By the 1930s, his work became more explicit in its horrifying imagery and distorted forms with combination of brutal realism and socia...
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Ejnar Nielsen
1872 - 1956 (84 years)
Ejnar Nielsen was a Danish painter and illustrator, who was a central proponent of Symbolist painting in Danish art. He is also known for his large mosaic on Stærekassen, an extension to the Royal Danish Theatre on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. He was a professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1920 to 1930 and received the Academy's Eckersberg Medal in 1908 and its Thorvaldsen Medal in 1913.
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Alabert Fogarasi
1891 - 1959 (68 years)
Alabert Fogarasi, also known as Béla Fogarasi was a Hungarian philosopher and politician. Life Fogarasi was born as Béla Freid on 25 July 1891 in Budapest, and studied in Budapest and Heidelberg. In 1910 he translated Henri Bergson's Introduction à la metaphysique into Hungarian. He was a member of the so-called Sunday circle around Béla Balázs and György Lukács. With Karl Mannheim, Arnold Hauser and Ervin Szabó he was also involved in the Budapest Free School of Humanities, founded by Lukács. A December 1915 lecture on historical materialism to the Hungarian Philosophical Society criticized economic determinism.
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Vivien Thomas
1910 - 1985 (75 years)
Vivien Theodore Thomas was an American laboratory supervisor who developed a procedure used to treat blue baby syndrome in the 1940s. He was the assistant to surgeon Alfred Blalock in Blalock's experimental animal laboratory at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and later at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Thomas was unique in that he did not have any professional education or experience in a research laboratory; however, he served as supervisor of the surgical laboratories at Johns Hopkins for 35 years. In 1976, Hopkins awarded him an honorary doctorate and named him an instructor of surgery for the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.
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Léon Brunschvicg
1869 - 1944 (75 years)
Léon Brunschvicg was a French Idealist philosopher. He co-founded the Revue de métaphysique et de morale with Xavier Léon and Élie Halévy in 1893. Life He was born into a Jewish family. From 1895 to 1900 he taught at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen. In 1897 he completed his thesis under the title . In 1909 he became professor of philosophy at the Sorbonne. He was married to Cécile Kahn, a major campaigner for women's suffrage in France, with whom he had four children.
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Harry Goldschmidt
1910 - 1986 (76 years)
Harry Goldschmidt was a Swiss musicologist. Life 1910–1949: Basel, Weimar Republic, France, West Africa, Switzerland Goldschmidt was born in Basel on 17 June 1910, the second child of Siegfried Goldschmidt, a banker from Frankfurt, and Vally Goldschmidt-Peiser, a teacher from Breslau. The boy was given the first names of Heinrich Heine: Heinrich Leopold. The classically educated parents came from non-practising, fully assimilated German-Jewish families and acquired Swiss citizenship on 8 August 1919 in the city of Basel, where father Siegfried had become the youngest bank director in Switze...
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Philotheus Boehner
1901 - 1955 (54 years)
Philotheus Boehner was a member of the Franciscan order known for medieval scholarship. Biography Boehner was born Heinrich Boehner in Lichtenau, Westphalia. He entered the Franciscan Order in 1920, and was given the name , the Latin form of the Greek , . In 1927 he was ordained as a priest, although he was so ill with tuberculosis he was not expected to live. While resting, he began his work as a medieval scholar by translating Étienne Gilson's work on Saint Bonaventura. He became a close friend of Gilson in the 1930s.
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Robert Kudicke
1876 - 1961 (85 years)
Heinrich Robert Hellmuth Kudicke was a German physician, epidemiologist and one of the leading experts on tropical diseases in his lifetime. He worked in German East Africa and China for several years. A long-time collaborator of Nobel laureate Robert Koch, he is especially known for his work with African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness in the early 20th century. As director of the State Institute of Hygiene in German occupied Warsaw in 1941, he tested a new Typhus vaccine on Jewish residents of the Warsaw ghetto, with ensuing adverse effects and deaths. During the early Cold War era, h...
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Charles Hercus
1888 - 1971 (83 years)
Sir Charles Ernest Hercus was a New Zealand doctor and professor of public health. He was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, on 13 June 1888. He was for many years dean of the University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine. The Hercus Building of the Dunedin campus, on the corner of Great King and Hanover Streets, is named for him.
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Edward Joseph Dent
1876 - 1957 (81 years)
Edward Joseph Dent, FBA , generally known as Edward J. Dent, was an English musicologist, teacher, translator and critic. A leading figure of musicology and music criticism, Dent was Professor of Music at the University of Cambridge between 1926 and 1941.
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