The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
Students and researchers now have a fast and reliable way to find influential thinkers from 24 disciplines and 300 sub-disciplines (and growing). If you want to find history’s most influential philsosophers, or the world’s most influential mathematicians currently, now you can.
We also provide custom rankings of people by discipline as well as interviews with influential academics who are currently active.
To use this tool, select the discipline (and optional subdiscipline) relevant to your research, and specify influential academics by history, world, or US. Even results that are counterintuitive are often enlightening (our algorithm always picks up a signal).
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List of the most influential people in Philosophy,
#2551
Johann Christoph Gottsched
1700 - 1766 (66 years)
Johann Christoph Gottsched was a German philosopher, author and critic of the Enlightenment. Biography Early life He was born at Juditten near Königsberg , Brandenburg-Prussia, the son of a Lutheran clergyman, and was baptised in St. Mary's Church. He studied philosophy and history at the University of Königsberg, but immediately on taking the degree of Magister in 1723, he fled to Leipzig to avoid being drafted into the Prussian army. In Leipzig, he enjoyed the protection of Johann Burckhardt Mencke, who, under the name of "Philander von der Linde", was a well-known poet and president of the Deutschübende poetische Gesellschaft in Leipzig.
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Vittorino da Feltre
1378 - 1446 (68 years)
Vittorino da Feltre was an Italian humanist and teacher. He was born in Feltre, Belluno, Republic of Venice and died in Mantua. His real name was Vittorino Rambaldoni. It was in Vittorino that the Renaissance idea of the complete man, or l'uomo universale — health of body, strength of character, wealth of mind — reached its first formulation.
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Peter Goldie
#20353
Overall Influence
1946 - 2011 (65 years)
Peter Goldie was a British businessman and then academic philosopher with interests in ethics and aesthetics. He was the Samuel Hall Chair in Philosophy and Head of the Philosophy Discipline Area of the School of Social Sciences at University of Manchester. He was educated at Felsted.
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Alberto Jori
#25004
Overall Influence
1965 - Present (59 years)
Alberto Jori is an Italian neo-Aristotelian philosopher. Born in Mantua, on his father's side he is the descendant of an old noble Swiss family of barons from Ticino and patricians from Zurich. On his mother's side he is related to a long Jewish line of Mantuan rabbis, from which the kabbalists Moses ben Mordecai Zacuto , Solomon Aviad Sar Shalom Basilea and the mathematician Gino Fano were also members. He studied in Padua, Cambridge and Heidelberg and received a grant from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. In 2003, with his book on Aristotle, he won the prize of the International Academy of the History of Science .
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Gemistos Plethon
1355 - 1452 (97 years)
Georgios Gemistos Plethon , commonly known as Gemistos Plethon, was a Greek scholar and one of the most renowned philosophers of the late Byzantine era. He was a chief pioneer of the revival of Greek scholarship in Western Europe. As revealed in his last literary work, the Nomoi or Book of Laws, which he circulated only among close friends, he rejected Christianity in favour of a return to the worship of the classical Hellenic gods, mixed with ancient wisdom based on Zoroaster and the Magi.
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Ben Nicholson
1894 - 1982 (88 years)
Benjamin Lauder Nicholson, OM was an English painter of abstract compositions , landscapes, and still-life. He was one of the leading promoters of abstract art in his country. Background and training Nicholson was born on 10 April 1894 in Denham, Buckinghamshire, the son of the painters Sir William Nicholson and Mabel Pryde, and brother of the artist Nancy Nicholson, the architect Christopher Nicholson and to Anthony Nicholson. His maternal grandmother Barbara Pryde was a niece of the famous artist brothers Robert Scott Lauder and James Eckford Lauder. The family moved to London in 1896. Nic...
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Ghosha
#13725
Overall Influence
Ghosha was an ancient Vedic period Indian philosopher and seer. From a young age she suffered from a skin ailment which had disfigured her. Ashvini Kumars cured her and restored her youthfulness, health and beauty. As a result, she got married and had a son. She was proficient in the Vedas and had even scripted two hymns in the Rigveda. She was called as mantradrika meaning well versed in mantras. She was also known as a Brahmavadini or speaker or proclaimer of Brahmana and led a purposeful spiritual life.
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Teresa Blankmeyer Burke
#37433
Overall Influence
Teresa Blankmeyer Burke is a Professor of Philosophy at Gallaudet University. She is the first signing deaf woman to receive a PhD in philosophy in the world, as well as the first deaf person to receive a PhD in philosophy at the University of New Mexico.
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George Pappas
#38427
Overall Influence
1942 - Present (82 years)
George Sotiros Pappas is a professor of philosophy at Ohio State University. Pappas specializes in epistemology, the history of early modern philosophy, philosophy of religion and metaphysics. He is of Greek and English origin.
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Antonio Aliotta
1881 - 1964 (83 years)
Antonio Aliotta was an Italian philosopher. He was born in Palermo and studied philosophy at the University of Florence, graduating in 1903. His initial work was in experimental psychology. In 1912 he won the Paladin prize for his work, La reazione idealistica contro la scienza. He became professor of theoretical philosophy at the University of Padua from 1913 to 1919, then served as a professor at the University of Naples until 1951.
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Stanisław Krajewski
#15526
Overall Influence
1950 - Present (74 years)
Stanisław Krajewski is a Polish philosopher, mathematician and writer, activist of the Jewish minority in Poland. Biography He is professor of philosophy at the University of Warsaw, author, leader of the Jewish community in Poland and co-chairman of the Polish Council of Christians and Jews.
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Judith Miller
#11822
Overall Influence
1941 - 2017 (76 years)
Judith Miller was a French psychoanalyst, born in Antibes. She was the daughter of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and Sylvia Bataille. Her spouse was Lacanian Jacques-Alain Miller. Work As a Maoist philosophy lecturer at Vincennes in Paris, Miller's radicalism was used as a reason for her philosophy department to be decertified. This occurred after she handed out course credit to someone she met on a bus, and subsequently publicly declared in a radio interview that the university is a capitalist institution, and that she would do everything she could to make it run as badly as possible. Afte...
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Amelius
200 - 300 (100 years)
Amelius , whose family name was Gentilianus, was a Neoplatonist philosopher and writer of the second half of the 3rd century. Biography Amelius was a native of Tuscany. Originally a student of the works of Numenius of Apamea, he began attending the lectures of Plotinus in the third year after Plotinus came to Rome, and stayed with him for more than twenty years, until 269, when he retired to Apamea in Syria, the native place of Numenius. He is erroneously called Apameos by the Suda.
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Alice Dreger
#3694
Overall Influence
Alice Domurat Dreger is an American historian, bioethicist, author, and former professor of clinical medical humanities and bioethics at the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, in Chicago, Illinois.
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Quentin Lauer
#42001
Overall Influence
1917 - 1997 (80 years)
Quentin Lauer, S.J. was an American Jesuit priest, philosopher and Hegel scholar. Lauer’s academic work helped introduce Hegel's thought to the American philosophical community. He was President of the American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division from 1985–1986, and a President of the Hegel Society of America. Quentin Lauer was also a scholar of Edmund Husserl. He was a professor of philosophy at Fordham University from 1954 to 1990. Important works by Lauer which helped disseminate the ideas of Hegel and Husserl in the United States include: A Reading of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spi...
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Chungliang Al Huang
#7949
Overall Influence
1937 - Present (87 years)
Chungliang “Al” Huang is a Taiwanese philosopher, dancer, performing artist,taijiquan master and educator. He is the founder-president of the Living Tao Foundation in Oregon, US, and the International Lan Ting Institute, in China.
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Claudine Tiercelin
#16687
Overall Influence
1952 - Present (72 years)
Claudine Tiercelin is a French philosopher, working on metaphysics and philosophy of science. She is professor of philosophy at the Collège de France, after having been professor at the Paris 12 Val de Marne University.
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Danilo Pejović
#35747
Overall Influence
1928 - 2007 (79 years)
Danilo Pejović was a Croatian philosopher. Pejović was born in Ludbreg. During the World War II, in 1943, Pejović joined the National Liberation Army in its fight against the occupying forces of Yugoslavia. He continued his education after the war, graduating with a degree in philosophy at the University in Zagreb in 1953. He earned his PhD degree at the same university in 1958 with a dissertation about the ontology of Nicolai Hartmann. Until 1966 Pejović was president of the Croatian Philosophy Society.
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Steve Awodey
#16984
Overall Influence
1959 - Present (65 years)
Steven M. Awodey is an American mathematician and logician. He is a Professor of Philosophy and Mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University. Biography Awodey studied mathematics and philosophy at the University of Marburg and the University of Chicago. He earned his Ph.D. from Chicago under Saunders Mac Lane in 1997. He is an active researcher in the areas of category theory and logic, and has also written on the philosophy of mathematics. He is one of the originators of the field of homotopy type theory. He was a member of the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study in 2012–1...
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Fazlur Rahman Malik
1919 - 1988 (69 years)
Fazlur Rahman Malik , commonly known as Fazlur Rahman, was a modernist scholar and Islamic philosopher from today's Pakistan. Fazlur Rahman is renowned as a prominent liberal reformer of Islam, who devoted himself to educational reform and the revival of independent reasoning . His works are subject of widespread interest and criticism in Muslim-majority countries. He was protested by more than a thousand clerics, faqihs, muftis, and teachers in his own country and banished.
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C. Stephen Evans
#20769
Overall Influence
1948 - Present (76 years)
Charles Stephen Evans is an American philosopher. He is one of the United States' leading experts on Søren Kierkegaard and has also published extensively on subjects including philosophy of religion and the relationship of psychology and Christianity. He is University Professor of Philosophy and Humanities at Baylor University.
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Geoffrey Hellman
#28714
Overall Influence
1943 - Present (81 years)
Geoffrey Hellman is an American professor and philosopher. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He obtained his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees in philosophy from Harvard University. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007.
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Neal D. Barnard
#12870
Overall Influence
1953 - Present (71 years)
Neal D. Barnard, born 10 July 1953 in Fargo, North Dakota, is an American author, clinical researcher, and founding president of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine . Early life and education Barnard grew up in Fargo, North Dakota. He received his medical training at George Washington University School of Medicine in psychiatry, where he began to explore vegan diets. He is board certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, a fellow of the American College of Cardiology and a lifetime member of the American Medical Association.
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Atul Gawande
#1659
Overall Influence
1965 - Present (59 years)
Atul Atmaram Gawande is an American surgeon, writer, and public health researcher. He practices general and endocrine surgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. He is a professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Samuel O. Thier Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School. In public health, he is executive director of Ariadne Labs, a joint center for health systems innovation, and chairman of Lifebox, a nonprofit that works on reducing deaths in surgery globally. On June 20, 2018, Gawande was n...
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Ben Shahn
1898 - 1969 (71 years)
Ben Shahn was an American artist. He is best known for his works of social realism, his left-wing political views, and his series of lectures published as The Shape of Content. Biography Shahn was born in Kaunas, Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire, to Jewish parents Joshua Hessel and Gittel Shan. His father was exiled to Siberia for possible revolutionary activities in 1902, at which point Shahn, his mother, and two younger siblings moved to Vilkomir . In 1906, the family immigrated to the United States where they rejoined Hessel, a carpenter, who had fled Siberia and emigrated to the US by way of South Africa.
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Johannes Nikolaus Tetens
1736 - 1807 (71 years)
Johannes Nikolaus Tetens was a German-Danish philosopher, statistician and scientist. He has been called the "German Locke," on the basis of a comparison of his major work Philosophische Versuche über die menschliche Natur und ihre Entwickelung with the work of John Locke. He is considered to have been an influence on Immanuel Kant.
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Gerald Dworkin
#22281
Overall Influence
1937 - Present (87 years)
Gerald Dworkin is a professor of moral, political and legal philosophy. He is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of California, Davis. In 2016–17, he was Brady Distinguished Visiting Professor of Ethics and Civic Life at Northwestern University. He has written for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Scott J. Shapiro
#7784
Overall Influence
Scott Jonathan Shapiro is the Charles F. Southmayd Professor of Law and Philosophy at Yale Law School and the Director of Yale's Center for Law and Philosophy and of the Yale CyberSecurity Lab. He received his B.A. in philosophy from Columbia College, his J.D. from Yale Law School, and his Ph.D. in philosophy from Columbia University. He also studied at Yeshivat Har Etzion in Israel. After law school, Shapiro served as a clerk for Judge Pierre Leval on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. At Yale, he teaches in Jurisprudence, Constitutional Law, Cyberlaw, and Cybersec...
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Rolf Schock
1933 - 1986 (53 years)
Rolf Schock was a Swedish–American philosopher and artist, born in Cap-d'Ail, France of German parents. Biography Schock was born at Cap-d'Ail on the French Riviera. His parents, who had left Germany, would eventually settle in the United States, where Schock would go on to obtain a bachelor's degree in geology at the University of New Mexico. After completing a bachelor of arts in 1955, he pursued studies in philosophy and logic from 1956 to 1960 at the University of California, first in Berkeley and then in Los Angeles , and in 1960 moved to Stockholm, Sweden, to specialize in theoretical philosophy at Stockholm University with a particular interest in free logic.
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Alev Alatlı
#11684
Overall Influence
1944 - Present (80 years)
Alev Alatlı is a Turkish columnist and bestselling novelist. Early years She was born 1944 in the town of Menemen in western Turkey to an officer's family. She spent her childhood in Japan, where her father was appointed as the Military attaché in the Embassy of Turkey and also as the Liaison officer of the Turkish Brigade in Korea to the United Nations.
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Kwame Gyekye
#30508
Overall Influence
1939 - 2019 (80 years)
Kwame Gyekye was a Ghanaian philosopher, and an important figure in the development of modern African philosophy. Gyekye was an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Ghana, and a visiting professor of philosophy and African-American studies at Temple University. He is known for theorizing the concept of person-hood on the basis of Akan cultural paradigm in debate with Kwasi Wiredu, which is seen as one of the defining moments of modern African philosophy.
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Yehuda Shoenfeld
#20499
Overall Influence
1948 - Present (76 years)
Yehuda Shoenfeld is an Israeli physician and autoimmunity researcher. Biography Yehuda Shoenfeld works at Sheba Medical Center in Tel HaShomer and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine at Tel-Aviv University. He studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is the incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases. Shoenfeld is the editor of two journals, Harefuah in Hebrew with English abstracts and Israel Medical Association Journal . He is co-editor-in-chief of Autoimmunity Reviews, and co-editor of the Journal of Autoimmunity, and member of the editorial board of...
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Norman Kemp Smith
1872 - 1958 (86 years)
Norman Duncan Kemp Smith, FBA, FRSE was a Scottish philosopher who was Professor of Psychology and Philosophy at Princeton University and was Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh .
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Paul Hensel
1860 - 1930 (70 years)
Paul Hugo Wilhelm Hensel was a German philosopher. Biography Hensel was born in Groß-Barten in the Province of Prussia. He was the son of the landowner and entrepreneur Sebastian Hensel, brother of the mathematician Kurt Hensel, grandson of the composer Fanny Mendelssohn and the painter Wilhelm Hensel. Fanny was the sister of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, daughter of Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy, and granddaughter of philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, and entrepreneur Daniel Itzig. Both of Hensel's paternal grandmothers and his mother were from Jewish families that had converted to Christianity...
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Philotheus Boehner
1901 - 1955 (54 years)
Philotheus Boehner was a member of the Franciscan order known for medieval scholarship. Biography Boehner was born Heinrich Boehner in Lichtenau, Westphalia. He entered the Franciscan Order in 1920, and was given the name , the Latin form of the Greek , . In 1927 he was ordained as a priest, although he was so ill with tuberculosis he was not expected to live. While resting, he began his work as a medieval scholar by translating Étienne Gilson's work on Saint Bonaventura. He became a close friend of Gilson in the 1930s.
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Adam Michnik
#1639
Overall Influence
1946 - Present (78 years)
Adam Michnik is a Polish historian, essayist, former dissident, public intellectual, as well as co-founder and editor-in-chief of the Polish newspaper, . Reared in a family of committed communists, Michnik became an opponent of Poland's communist regime at the time of the party's anti-Jewish purges. He was imprisoned after the 1968 March Events and again after the imposition of martial law in 1981. He has been called "one of Poland's most famous political prisoners".
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Leonard Liggio
#9637
Overall Influence
1933 - 2014 (81 years)
Leonard P. Liggio was a classical liberal author, research professor of law at George Mason University and executive vice president of the Atlas Network in Fairfax, Virginia. Career In 1965, Liggio gave lectures with Russell Stetler on "Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism: The Ideological Question in Vietnam" for the newly founded Free University of New York. Liggio provided editorial direction for Literature of Liberty: A Review of Contemporary Liberal Thought, a periodical published by the Cato Institute from 1978 to 1979, then by the Institute for Humane Studies from 1980 to 1982.
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Jean-Godefroy Bidima
#32412
Overall Influence
1958 - Present (66 years)
Jean-Godefroy Bidima is a Cameroonian philosopher, currently living in the United States. Bidima is the former director of the program at the International College of Philosophy in Paris and as of 2015 is a professor in French and Italian and Yvonne Arnoult Chair in Francophone Studies at Tulane University in New Orleans. His fields of interest are cited as " Continental philosophy, literatures and arts of the Francophone world, African philosophies, juridical anthropology and medical ethics". He is the author of numerous books and articles on African philosophy, including Histoire et traver...
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Eero Loone
#33010
Overall Influence
1935 - Present (89 years)
Eero Loone is an Estonian philosopher. He is the son of Nigolas Loone and Leida Loone. Eero Loone graduated from the Moscow State University in 1958 . From 1958 to 1960, Loone worked as junior researcher at the USSR institute of Global Economy and International Relations. Since 1966, he has been lecturer of philosophy at the University of Tartu . He became Doctor of Philosophy in 1984. From 1989 to 1990 Eero Loone worked at Clare Hall, Cambridge . He has been particularly influenced by analytical philosophy. Loone's views on Marxism and historical materialism have found resonance in the West.
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Charles Renouvier
1815 - 1903 (88 years)
Charles Bernard Renouvier was a French philosopher. He considered himself a "Swedenborg of history" who sought to update the philosophy of Kantian liberalism and individualism for the socio-economic realities of the late nineteenth century, and influenced the sociological method of Émile Durkheim.
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Ding Zilin
#4228
Overall Influence
1936 - Present (88 years)
Ding Zilin is a retired professor of philosophy and the leader of the political activist group Tiananmen Mothers. Ding is the mother of Jiang Jielian, one of the first student protestors killed during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and ensuing crackdown.
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Alfred I. Tauber
#21039
Overall Influence
1947 - Present (77 years)
Alfred I. Tauber is an American philosopher and historian of science, who, from 1993 to 2010, served as director of the Boston University Center for Philosophy and History of Science at Boston University.
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Paul B. Thompson
#28912
Overall Influence
1951 - Present (73 years)
Paul B. Thompson is Professor Emeritus at Michigan State University, where he held the W.K. Kellogg Chair in Agricultural Food and Community Ethics before retiring in 2022. Thompson was born in 1951 in Springfield, Missouri. He earned his B.A. at Emory University before going on to earn a Ph.D. in philosophy at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He formerly taught at Texas A&M University and Purdue University before joining MSU, where he continues to do research on ethical and philosophical questions dealing with agriculture and food and especially the development of agricultural...
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Gholamreza Aavani
#26450
Overall Influence
1943 - Present (81 years)
Gholamreza Aavani is an Iranian philosopher and emeritus professor of philosophy at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran. A former head of the Institute for Research in Philosophy, Aavani is a member of the Academy of Sciences of Iran and a steering committee Member of the International Federation of Philosophical Societies. He has also served as the Kenan Rifai Distinguished Professor of Islamic Studies at Beijing University, China, and is currently a research fellow at Al-Mahdi Institute.
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Robert McAfee Brown
#17764
Overall Influence
1920 - 2001 (81 years)
Robert McAfee Brown was an American Presbyterian minister, theologian, and activist. Life Born on May 28, 1920, in Carthage, Illinois, Brown was the son of a Presbyterian minister and the grandson of theologian and Presbyterian minister Cleland Boyd McAfee. He earned a bachelor's degree from Amherst College in 1943 and was ordained a Presbyterian minister in 1944. Brown earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Union Theological Seminary in 1945, and served as a United States Navy chaplain from 1945 to 1946. The recipient of a Fulbright grant, Brown studied at the University of Oxford before completing a doctorate in the philosophy of religion at Columbia University in 1951.
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Albert Blumberg
#30804
Overall Influence
1906 - 1997 (91 years)
Albert E. Blumberg was an American philosopher and political activist. He was an official of the Communist Party for several years before joining the Democratic Party as a district leader. Early life Albert was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to a middle-class Litvak family. He graduated from Johns Hopkins University and then furthered his education by acquiring a master's degree from Yale, studying at the Sorbonne, and receiving a doctorate from the University of Vienna. While studying in Vienna he became attracted to the Vienna circle of Logical Positivists, founded by the German philosopher M...
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Mark Bauerlein
#7105
Overall Influence
1959 - Present (65 years)
Mark Weightman Bauerlein is an English professor emeritus at Emory University and a senior editor of First Things. He also serves as a visitor of Ralston College, a start-up liberal arts college in Savannah.
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Yves Simon
1903 - 1961 (58 years)
Yves René Marie Simon was a French Catholic political philosopher. Life Simon studied under Jacques Maritain at the Institut Catholique de Paris. He taught at the Institut Catholique de Lille from 1930 to 1938. In 1938, he came to the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, as a visiting professor. He was unable to return to France because of World War II, and after the war he remained as a professor at Notre Dame until 1948. He then joined the Committee on Social Thought, at the University of Chicago. He remained at the University of Chicago until retiring in 1958 due to illness.
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Art Spiegelman
#1127
Overall Influence
1948 - Present (76 years)
Itzhak Avraham ben Zeev Spiegelman , professionally known as Art Spiegelman, is an American cartoonist, editor, and comics advocate best known for his graphic novel Maus. His work as co-editor on the comics magazines Arcade and Raw has been influential, and from 1992 he spent a decade as contributing artist for The New Yorker. He is married to designer and editor Françoise Mouly, and is the father of writer Nadja Spiegelman. In September 2022, the National Book Foundation announced that he would receive the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
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William Herbert Dray
#26664
Overall Influence
1921 - 2009 (88 years)
William Herbert Dray was a Canadian philosopher of history. He was Professor Emeritus at the University of Ottawa. He is known for his version of anti-positivist Verstehen in history, in Laws and Explanation in History, and his work on R. G. Collingwood.
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