The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
Students and researchers now have a fast and reliable way to find influential thinkers from 24 disciplines and 300 sub-disciplines (and growing). If you want to find history’s most influential philsosophers, or the world’s most influential mathematicians currently, now you can.
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List of the most influential people in Physics,
#10351
Johann III Bernoulli
1744 - 1807 (63 years)
Johann III Bernoulli , grandson of Johann Bernoulli and son of Johann II Bernoulli, was a Swiss mathematician, philosopher, astronomer and geographer, known around the world as a child prodigy. Biography He studied at Basel and at Neuchâtel, and when thirteen years of age took the degree of doctor in philosophy. When he was fourteen, he got the degree of master of jurisprudence. At nineteen he was appointed astronomer royal of Berlin. A year later, he reorganized the astronomical observatory at the Berlin Academy. Some years after, he visited Germany, France and England, and subsequently Italy, Courland, Russia and Poland.
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Karel Niessen
1895 - 1967 (72 years)
Karel Frederik Niessen was a Dutch theoretical physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics and is known for the Pauli–Niessen model. Education Niessen began his studies in physics at the University of Utrecht in 1914. In 1922, he received his doctorate under L. S. Ornstein. He was an assistant at the University from 1921 to 1928, except for his postdoctoral study and research at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld, 1925 to 1926 on a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship. He also spent 1928 to 1929 on a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship at the University...
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Evgeni Gross
1897 - 1972 (75 years)
Evgenii Fedorovich Gross was a Soviet physicist working in optics and spectroscopy of condensed matter. He graduated from Leningrad University in 1924. He became a correspondent member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1946.
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John Cantius
1390 - 1473 (83 years)
John Cantius was a Polish priest, scholastic philosopher, physicist and theologian. Biography John Cantius was born in Kęty, a small town near Oświęcim, Poland, to Anna and Stanisław Kanty. He attended the Kraków Academy at which he attained bachelor, and licentiate. In 1418 he became a Doctor of Philosophy. Upon graduation he spent the next three years conducting philosophy classes at the university, while preparing for the priesthood.
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Alexis Caswell
1799 - 1877 (78 years)
Alexis Caswell was an American educator, born in Taunton, Massachusetts. He graduated Brown University in 1822, and entered the Baptist ministry. Career Caswell was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Brown University from 1828 to 1850, and of mathematics and astronomy from 1850 to 1864. Professor Caswell was president of Brown University from 1868 to 1872. He was one of the founders of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and served as its President in 1857.
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Frank Edward Smith
1876 - 1970 (94 years)
Sir Frank Edward Smith was a British physicist and acting director of the National Physical Laboratory between 1936 and 1937. Biography Smith was born in Aston Manor, Birmingham on 14 October 1876, the fourth of seven children of Joseph Smith, an office clerk, and Fanny Jane .
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Grigory Neujmin
1885 - 1946 (61 years)
Grigory Nikolayevich Neujmin was a Georgian–Russian astronomer, native of Tbilisi in Georgia, and a discoverer of numerous minor planets as well as 6 periodic and a hyperbolic comet at the Pulkovo and Simeiz Observatories during the first half of the 20th century.
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John Hubbard
1931 - 1980 (49 years)
John Hubbard was a British physicist, best known for the Hubbard model for interacting electrons, the Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation, and the Hubbard approximations. He graduated from Imperial College London, receiving a B.Sc. and a Ph.D. degree .
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Jöns Svanberg
1771 - 1851 (80 years)
Jöns Svanberg was a Swedish clergyman and natural scientist. Life He was born on 6 July 1771 in Ytterbyn, Sweden and died on 15 January 1851 in Uppsala, Sweden. Career He entered Uppsala University at the age of 16. He received his Ph.D. in 1794. In 1806, he became the professor of surveying and in 1811 he became the professor of mathematics at Uppsala University.
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William Michael Haynes
#10361
Mary Watson Whitney
1847 - 1921 (74 years)
Mary Watson Whitney was an American astronomer and was the head of the Vassar College Observatory for 22 years, where 102 scientific papers were published under her guidance. Early life and education Whitney was born on September 11, 1847 in Waltham, Massachusetts. Her mother was Mary Watson Crehore and her father was Samuel Buttrick Whitney. Her father was successful in real estate and wealthy enough to provide her with a good education for a woman at the time. She attended school in Waltham, where she reportedly excelled in mathematics. Whitney graduated from the public high school in 1863....
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Gerardus J. Sizoo
1900 - 1994 (94 years)
Gerardus Johannes Sizoo was the first professor of physics at the Vrije Universiteit. He is notable for the establishment and development of the applied physics laboratory in 1930 and the establishment of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at the Vrije Universiteit.
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Jan Hendrik de Boer
1899 - 1971 (72 years)
Jan Hendrik de Boer was a Dutch physicist and chemist. De Boer was born in Ruinen, De Wolden, and died in The Hague. He studied at the University of Groningen and was later employed in industry. Together with Anton Eduard van Arkel, de Boer developed a chemical transport reaction for titanium, zirconium, and hafnium known as the crystal bar process. In a closed vessel the metal reacts with iodine at elevated temperature forming the iodide. At a tungsten filament of 1700 °C the reverse reaction occurs, and the iodine and the metal are set free. The metal forms a solid coating at the tungsten f...
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Nikolay Florea
1912 - 1941 (29 years)
Nikolay Florea was a Soviet astronomer of mixed Romanian and Russian origin. Biography Florea was born in Odessa in the village of Moldovanca, where many people of Romanian origin have lived since the Middle Ages. His father was a teacher of Latin language. The young Nikolay was interested in astronomy and begun amateur observations of variable stars at the popular astronomical observatory in that city. After the finish of the school and astronomical department of the University He was employed as astronomer in Tashkent , while subsequently He was transferred to the Shternberg Astronomical Institute of the Moscow State University.
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William Lewis Elkin
1855 - 1933 (78 years)
William Lewis Elkin was an American astronomer known for his detailed work measuring parallaxes and for pioneering work in meteor photography. He served as director of the Yale University Observatory from 1896 to 1910.
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Grigory Shajn
1892 - 1956 (64 years)
Grigory Abramovich Shajn was a Soviet/Russian astronomer. In modern English transliteration, his surname would be given as Shayn, but his astronomical discoveries are credited under the name G. Shajn. Nonetheless, his last name is sometimes given as Schayn.
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Felicjan Kępiński
1885 - 1966 (81 years)
Felicjan Kępiński was a Polish astronomer. Work In 1903 he graduated from the government secondary school in Piotrków Trybunalski, later the 1st Bolesław Chrobry General Secondary School. In 1905 he took part in a students’ strike. As part of this boycott of Russian universities, he chose to study abroad. He first studied philosophy at the University of Leipzig , then mathematics and astronomy at the University of Göttingen and the University of Berlin . In March 1913 he received his doctorate in philosophy.
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Herbert H. Chen
1942 - 1987 (45 years)
Herbert Hwa-sen Chen was a theoretical and experimental physicist at the University of California at Irvine known for his contributions in the field of neutrino detection. Chen's work on observations of elastic neutrino-electron scattering provided important experimental support for the electroweak theory of the standard model of particle physics. In 1984 Chen realized that the deuterium of heavy water could be used as a detector that would distinguish the flavors of solar neutrinos. This idea led Chen to develop plans for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory that would eventually make fundam...
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Benedict Sestini
1816 - 1890 (74 years)
Benedict Sestini, SJ was a Jesuit astronomer, mathematician and architect, who worked in Italy and the U.S. Career Sestini was born in Florence, Italy, on March 20, 1816. He entered the Society of Jesus in Rome on October 30, 1836, and studied at the Roman College where he followed the courses of Rev. Vincent Caraffa, the professor of mathematics. He was appointed assistant to Rev. Francesco de Vico, director of the Vatican Observatory. Sestini was ordained in 1844, and then held the chair of higher mathematics at the Roman College.
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John LeConte
1818 - 1891 (73 years)
John LeConte was an American scientist and academic. He served as president of the University of California from 1869 to 1870 and from 1875 to 1881. Biography LeConte was born in Liberty County, Georgia, to Louis Le Conte, patriarch of the noted LeConte family. He attended Franklin College at the University of Georgia where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society and graduated in 1838. His younger brother Joseph LeConte also attended the university.
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Arthur Beer
1900 - 1980 (80 years)
Arthur Beer was a German astronomer who worked at Cambridge University Biography He was born in Reichenberg, Bohemia, the only son of Professor Johan Beer, a secondary teacher of arts and crafts, and Olga née Pollak. Arthur completed his secondary education in 1918 in Reichenberg after returning from military service in World War I. His university studies were postponed after he contracted polio in 1924; he later received a necessary operation to enable him to walk.
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Paul ten Bruggencate
1901 - 1961 (60 years)
Paul ten Bruggencate was a German astronomer and astrophysicist. Youth and education Ten Bruggencate was born in Arosa, Switzerland, and went to several schools in Switzerland, in the Netherlands and in Germany. He further studied at the University of Munich and started his PhD work with Hugo von Seeliger. However, due to health problems, Seeliger had to hand over the supervision of his PhD students to Hans Kienle.
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Henrik Mohn
1835 - 1916 (81 years)
Henrik Mohn was a Norwegian astronomer and meteorologist. Although he enrolled in theology studies after finishing school, he is credited with founding meteorological research in Norway, being a professor at the Royal Frederick University and director of the Norwegian Meteorological Institute from 1866 to 1913.
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Arthur Stanley Mackenzie
1865 - 1938 (73 years)
Arthur Stanley Mackenzie was a Canadian physicist and university president. He was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia and educated at Dalhousie University, Halifax, and Johns Hopkins University. He was instructor in mathematics at Dalhousie from 1887 to 1889. At Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania, he was a lecturer and associate in physics , associate professor , and professor . Mackenzie then returned to Dalhousie to become a Munro professor of physics . In 1911, he became president of the university, succeeding John Forrest.
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Antonio Vallisneri
1661 - 1730 (69 years)
Antonio Vallisneri , also rendered as Antonio Vallisnieri, was an Italian medical scientist, physician and naturalist. Life Vallisneri was born in Trassilico, a small village in Garfagnana, and graduated in medicine in 1684, in Reggio Emilia, under the guidance of Marcello Malpighi. A grand-uncle was the physician Cesare Magati.
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Ignaz Schütz
1867 - 1927 (60 years)
Ignaz Robert Schütz was a Czech–German mathematician and a physicist. He studied at the University of Munich where in 1894 he obtained a Ph.D in physics. Schütz was assistant to Ludwig Boltzmann in Munich from 1891 to 1894, the year of Boltzmann's departure from Munich. In 1897, Ignaz R. Schütz, then a member of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at Göttingen, showed how time translational symmetry induces conservation of energy.
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Louise du Pierry
1746 - 1807 (61 years)
Louise du Pierry or Dupiery, née Elisabeth Louise Felicité Pourra de la Madeleine , was a French astronomer and professor. Life She was born in La Ferté-Bernard, in the French province of Maine, on 1 August 1746.
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Joseph Epping
1835 - 1894 (59 years)
Joseph Epping was a German Jesuit astronomer and Assyriologist. Life Joseph Epping was born at Neuenkirchen near the Rhine in Westphalia on 1 December 1835. His parents died while he was very young, and he owed his early education to relations. After completing the usual Gymnasium at Rheine and at Münster, he matriculated at the academy in Münster, where he devoted himself particularly to mathematics.
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Denison Olmsted
1791 - 1859 (68 years)
Denison Olmsted was an American physicist and astronomer. Professor Olmsted is credited with giving birth to meteor science after the 1833 Leonid meteor shower over North America spurred him to study this phenomenon.
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Paul Geoffrey Murdin
#10381
Jean Dufay
1896 - 1967 (71 years)
Jean Claude Barthélemy Dufay was a French astronomer. During his career he studied nebulae, interstellar matter, the night sky and cometary physics. In 1925, while working in collaboration with Jean Cabannes, he computed the altitude of the Earth's ozone layer. He was named the honorary director of the Lyon Observatory. Some of his proteges who worked with him in the observatory included Marie Bloch and Charles Fehrenbach. He became a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1963.
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Henry Smith Carhart
1844 - 1920 (76 years)
Henry Smith Carhart, Ph.B. was an American physicist and university professor. He was born in Coeymans, New York on March 27, 1844, and graduated from Wesleyan University in 1869 and completed an M.A. degree from the same institution in 1873. He pursued additional graduate studies at Yale, Harvard, and the Humboldt University of Berlin. After serving as professor at Northwestern University, Carhart was appointed to the faculty of the University of Michigan in 1886, where he remained until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1909.
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Manuel John Johnson
1805 - 1859 (54 years)
Manuel John Johnson, FRS was a British astronomer. He was born in Macao, China, the son of John William Roberts of the East India Company and was educated at Mr Styles' Classical Academy in Thames Ditton and at the Addiscombe Military Seminary for service in the East India Company .
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Jan Marek Marci
1595 - 1667 (72 years)
Jan Marek Marci , or Johannes Marcus Marci, was a Bohemian doctor and scientist, rector of the University of Prague, and official physician to the Holy Roman Emperors. The crater Marci on the far side of the Moon is named after him.
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Martin D. Whitaker
1902 - 1960 (58 years)
Martin Dewey Whitaker was an American physicist who was the first director of the Clinton Laboratories during World War II. He served as president of Lehigh University from 1946 until his death in 1960.
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August Ritter
1826 - 1908 (82 years)
August Ritter was a German civil engineer. Biography He was educated at the Polytechnic Institute at Hanover, and at Göttingen. He was a practicing engineer for some time, in 1856 became teacher of mechanics and construction of machinery at Hanover, in the Polytechnic Institute, and in 1870 became professor in the School of Technology at Aix-la-Chapelle. He is best known as the author of Ritter's method of doing calculations for arches for bridges and roofs.
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Walther Ritz
1878 - 1909 (31 years)
Walther Heinrich Wilhelm Ritz was a Swiss theoretical physicist. He is most famous for his work with Johannes Rydberg on the Rydberg–Ritz combination principle. Ritz is also known for the variational method named after him, the Ritz method.
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Karl Friedrich Knorre
1801 - 1883 (82 years)
Karl Khristoforovich Friedrich Knorre; was a Russian astronomer of Baltic German ethnic origin who is best known for founding the Nikolayev Astronomical Observatory in 1827. Knorre's father, Ernst Friedrich Knorre, and his son, Viktor Knorre, were also prominent astronomers. Recently NASA named an asteroid in honor of the three generations of Knorre astronomers.
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Jean Baptiste Aimable Gaillot
1834 - 1921 (87 years)
Jean Baptiste Aimable Gaillot was an astronomer at the Observatoire de Paris from 1861 to 1903. He was born to Jean Baptiste Gaillot and Marie Catherine Gillet on 27 April 1834 in Saint-Jean-sur-Tourbe, Marne, France. He was recruited by Urbain Le Verrier in 1861 and spent his entire career at the Bureau of Computation. He is known for his completion of Le Verrier's analytic theories of the motion of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and for the publication of the Catalogue de l’Observatoire de Paris, an enormous compilation of transit observations from 1837 to 1881. The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Prix Damoiseau for 1902.
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Lavo Čermelj
1889 - 1980 (91 years)
Lavo Čermelj, Italianized in Lavo Cermeli was a Slovene physicist, political activist, publicist and author. In the 1930s, he was one of the foremost representatives of Slovene anti-Fascist émigrés from the Italian-administered Julian March, together with Josip Vilfan, Ivan Marija Čok, and Engelbert Besednjak.
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Johann Friedrich Weidler
1691 - 1755 (64 years)
Johann Friedrich Weidler was a German jurist and mathematician. Biography At the age of fifteen Weidler moved to the University of Jena, enrolled on June 10, 1712 at the University of Wittenberg, obtained the academic degree of Magister on April 30, 1712 and became an adjunct at the philosophical faculty of the Wittenberg Academy on April 19, 1715. After he had been given the professorship of lower mathematics in 1715, he took over the professorship of higher mathematics in 1719.
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Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc
1580 - 1637 (57 years)
Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc , often known simply as Peiresc, or by the Latin form of his name, Peirescius, was a French astronomer, antiquary and savant, who maintained a wide correspondence with scientists, and was a successful organizer of scientific inquiry. His research included a determination of the difference in longitude of various locations in Europe, around the Mediterranean, and in North Africa.
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Sergey Glazenap
1848 - 1937 (89 years)
Sergey Pavlovich Glazenap was a Russian and Soviet astronomer, honorary member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences , and Hero of Socialist Labor . In some publications, particularly in the 19th century, his last name was given as S. de Glasenapp or von Glasenapp .
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Werner Braunbeck
1901 - 1977 (76 years)
Werner Braunbek was a German physicist. He was born in Bautzen, the son of the Government Commissioner of City Planning Otto August Braunbek . Werner attended the University of Stuttgart, the University of Munich and the University of Berlin. In 1925 he received a doctorate in engineering and completed his habilitation in theoretical physics the following year at the University of Stuttgart, where he continued as a lecturer.
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Moses Blackman
1908 - 1983 (75 years)
Moses Blackman FRS was a South African-born British crystallographer. Biography Moses Blackman was born in Cape Town on 6 December 1908, the son of Esther and Rabbi Joseph Blackman. His early school years were in Upington; he then attended Victoria Boys High School when the family moved to Grahamstown in 1921. When matriculating in 1925 Blackman gained the only scholarship to nearby Rhodes University, where he concentrated on physics, mathematics, applied mathematics and German. He achieved firsts in maths, physics and German. He continued with an MSc in physics, again being awarded a first.
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Jay M. Enoch
#10397
Raoul Pictet
1846 - 1929 (83 years)
Raoul-Pierre Pictet was a Swiss physicist. Pictet is co-credited with French scientist Louis-Paul Cailletet as the first to produce liquid oxygen in 1877. Biography Pictet was born in Geneva. He served as professor in the university of that city. He devoted himself largely to problems involving the production of low temperatures and the liquefaction and solidification of gases.
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Elia Millosevich
1848 - 1919 (71 years)
Elia Filippo Francesco Giuseppe Maria Millosevich was an Italian astronomer. He specialized in calculating the orbits of comets and asteroids, in particular 433 Eros. He first studied at the University of Padua. His first papers, on the then-forthcoming 1874 and 1882 transits of Venus, attracted attention and got him the position of professor of nautical astronomy at the Reale Istituto di Marina Mercantile a Venezia . In 1879, he was offered the position of deputy director of the Osservatorio del Collegio Romano , associated with the Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia in Rome, and from 1902 u...
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Hans Schjellerup
1827 - 1887 (60 years)
Hans Carl Frederik Christian Schjellerup was a Danish astronomer. He was born at Odense, the son of a jeweller. Initially he was apprenticed as a watch maker, but in 1848 he passed the entrance exam for the Polytechnic School of Copenhagen. He graduated by passing an examination in applied mathematics and mechanics.
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Georg Hermann Struve
1886 - 1933 (47 years)
Georg Otto Hermann Struve was a German astronomer from the Struve family and the son of Hermann Struve. Georg was born in 1886 in Tsarskoye Selo – a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting nobility, located south from the center of St. Petersburg. In 1895, his family moved to Königsberg. After graduating from a gymnasium there, between 1905 and 1910 Struve studied at the University of Berlin and University of Heidelberg. After defending his PhD thesis in 1910, he worked till 1914 at the observatories at Bohn Observatory and Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory, and between 1914 and 1919 at the Naval Observatory of Wilhelmshaven.
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