The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
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List of the most influential people in Religious Studies,
#2901
Denis the Carthusian
1402 - 1471 (69 years)
Denis the Carthusian , also known as Denys van Leeuwen, Denis Ryckel, Dionysius van Rijkel, Denys le Chartreux , was a Roman Catholic theologian and mystic. Life Denis was born in 1402 in that part of the present-day Belgian Province of Limburg which was formerly comprised in the County of Hesbaye. His birthplace was Rijkel, a small village a few miles from Sint-Truiden, whence ancient writers have often surnamed him "Ryckel" or "à Ryckel". He first attended school at Sint-Truiden. In 1415 he went to another school at Zwolle , which was then of great repute and attracted many students from various parts of Germany.
Go to Profile#2902
Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur
1879 - 1973 (94 years)
Muhammad al-Ṭāhir ibn ʿĀshūr was a graduate of University of Ez-Zitouna and a well known Islamic scholar. He studied classical Islamic scholarship with reform-minded scholars. He became a judge then Shaykh al-Islām in 1932. He was a writer and author on the subject of reforming Islamic education and jurisprudence. He is best remembered for his Qur'anic exegesis, al-Tahrir wa'l-tanwir .
Go to Profile#2903
Caspar Olevian
1536 - 1587 (51 years)
Caspar Olevian was a significant German Reformed theologian during the Protestant Reformation and along with Zacharias Ursinus was said to be co-author of the Heidelberg Catechism. That theory of authorship has been questioned by some modern scholarship.
Go to Profile#2904
John James McCook
1843 - 1927 (84 years)
John James McCook, Jr. was a chaplain in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and postbellum lawyer, professor, and theologian. He was a member of the Fighting McCooks, a family of Ohioans who contributed 15 members to the Union army.
Go to Profile#2905
H. G. Wood
1879 - 1963 (84 years)
Herbert George Wood , best known as H. G. Wood, was a British theologian and academic. Academic career Wood was educated at City of London School and Jesus College, Cambridge, where he was appointed a fellow in 1904. He was a lecturer in the New Testament from 1910 to 1940 at Woodbrooke College. At the University of Birmingham, he was the first Edward Cadbury Professor of Theology, holding the chair from 1940 to 1946, and was also Dean of the Faculty of Arts from 1943 to 1946.
Go to Profile#2906
Panormitanus
1386 - 1445 (59 years)
Nicolò de' Tudeschi was an Italian Benedictine canonist. Life In 1400 he entered the Order of St. Benedict; he was sent to the University of Bologna to study under Zabarella; in 1411 he became a doctor of canon law, and taught successively at Parma , Siena , and Bologna . Meanwhile, in 1425, he was made abbot of the monastery of Maniace, near Messina, whence his name "Abbas", to which has been added "modernus" or "recentior" ; Panormitanus is also known as "Abbas Siculus" on account of his Sicilian origin.
Go to Profile#2907
Jacques Gousset
1635 - 1704 (69 years)
Jacques Gousset was a French Protestant theologian and philologist, after 1685 in exile in the Netherlands. Life He was born in Blois, the son of Pierre Gousset and Marguerite Papin; he was a cousin of Denis Papin. He was a student of Louis Cappel at Saumur Academy, and then became pastor at Poitiers.
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Jacob van Hoogstraaten
1460 - 1527 (67 years)
Jacob van Hoogstraten was a Flemish Dominican theologian and controversialist. Education, professor Van Hoogstraten was born in Hoogstraten, Burgundian Netherlands . He studied the classics and theology with the Dominicans at Old University of Leuven. In 1485 was among the first in the history of that institution to receive the degree of Master of Arts. He there entered the order, and after his ordination to the priesthood in 1496, he matriculated in the University of Cologne to continue his theological studies. At the general chapter held in 1498 at Ferrara he was appointed professor of theology at the Dominican college of Cologne.
Go to Profile#2909
Roland de Pury
1907 - 1979 (72 years)
Baron Roland de Pury was a Swiss Protestant theologian, pastor, and writer. Living in France during World War II, he was a staunch opponent of Nazism and the Holocaust and publicly criticized and preached against the Vichy French government and German occupation of France. De Pury joined the French Resistance and organized an escape route for Jewish refugees to leave France and enter Switzerland, hiding them in his home before helping them to the French-Swiss Boarder. He collaborated with French Catholic leaders, including Pierre Chaillet, to rescue Jews. His operation was discovered by the Gestapo, leading to his arrest and imprisonment at Montluc prison.
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Marian Dobmayer
1753 - 1805 (52 years)
Marian Dobmayer was a German Benedictine theologian. Life He first entered the Society of Jesus, and after its suppression in 1773 joined the Benedictines in the monastery of Weissenohe, Diocese of Bamberg. There he was professed in 1775, and in 1778 ordained priest.
Go to Profile#2911
Karl Heinrich Weizsäcker
1822 - 1899 (77 years)
Karl Heinrich Weizsäcker was a German Protestant theologian. Life and work Weizsäcker was born in Öhringen near Heilbronn in Württemberg, the son of Sophie and Christian Ludwig Friedrich Weizsäcker. He studied at Tübingen and Berlin.
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Beatus of Liébana
730 - 798 (68 years)
Beatus of Liébana was a monk, theologian, and author of the Commentary on the Apocalypse, an influential compendium of previous authorities' views on the Apocalypse. He also led the opposition against a Spanish variant of Adoptionism, the heretical belief that Christ was the son of God by adoption, an idea first propounded in Spain by Elipandus, the bishop of Toledo.
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Josef Hilgers
1858 - 1918 (60 years)
Josef Hilgers was a German Jesuit who wrote on theological and ascetical matters. He wrote two books on papal censorship of books and another on the nature of indulgences. Life Josef Hilgers was born in Kückhoven on 9 September 1858. From 1885 to 1894 he taught in the city of Ordrupshoj, Denmark. Later he worked in Rome, Luxembourg, Valkenburg and finally in the Bonifatiushaus, in Emmerich, where he died 25 January 1918.
Go to Profile#2914
Abraham Ruchat
1680 - 1750 (70 years)
Abraham Ruchat was a Swiss Protestant theologian and historian. He studied theology at the Academy of Lausanne, receiving his ordination in 1702. Later on, he served as a minister in the communities of Aubonne and Rolle . In 1721 he was appointed professor of rhetoric at the academy, where from 1733 up until his death, he taught classes in theology. In 1736–39 he served as school rector.
Go to Profile#2915
Johannes Ording
1869 - 1929 (60 years)
Johannes Ording was a Norwegian theologian. He served as a professor of systematic theology at the Royal Frederick University from 1906 to 1926, and his appointment caused a stir because some saw him as too liberal.
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Alexander Henderson
1583 - 1646 (63 years)
Alexander Henderson was a Scottish theologian, and an important ecclesiastical statesman of his period. He is considered the second founder of the Reformed Church in Scotland. He was one of the most eminent ministers of the Church of Scotland in the most important period of her history, namely, previous to the middle of the seventeenth century.
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Israel Tonge
1621 - 1680 (59 years)
Israel Tonge , aka Ezerel or Ezreel Tongue, was an English divine. He was an informer in and probably one of the inventors of the "Popish" plot. Career Tonge was born at Tickhill, near Doncaster, the son of Henry Tongue, minister of Holtby, Yorkshire. He graduated from University College, Oxford and became a schoolmaster at Churchill, Oxfordshire where he became interested in gardening, alchemy, and chemistry. In 1656 he became a doctor of theology, and taught grammar at the Cromwellian Durham College until its closure in 1659. In 1656 he provided a loan of 100 pounds to Johannes Sibertus Kuff...
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Meletius Smotrytsky
1577 - 1633 (56 years)
Meletius Smotrytsky , né Maksym Herasymovych Smotrytsky , Archbishop of Polotsk , was a writer, a religious and pedagogical activist of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a Ruthenian linguist whose works influenced the development of the Eastern Slavic languages. His book "Slavonic Grammar with Correct Syntax" systematized the study of Church Slavonic and became the standard grammar book in Russia right up till the end of the 18th century.
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Anton de Waal
1837 - 1917 (80 years)
Anton Joseph Johann Maria de Waal was a German Christian archeologist and Roman Catholic church historian. He established the Collegio Teutonico del Campo Santo and carried out numerous archeological excavations in Rome.
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Vasyl Mastsiukh
1873 - 1936 (63 years)
Vasyl Mastsiukh was a Greek Catholic hierarch. He served as the first Apostolic Administrator of the new created Apostolic Administration of Lemkowszczyzna from 17 November 1934 until his death on 12 March 1936.
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Bernard Joseph Topel
1903 - 1986 (83 years)
Bernard Joseph Topel was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diopcese of Spokane in Washington State from 1955 to 1978. Biography Early life Topel was born on March 31, 1903, in Bozeman, Montana, the fourth son of Henry Albert and Mary Pauline Topel. Henry Topel was a tailor who had immigrated from Germany in 1878. Mary Topel immigrated from Switzerland at age nine. Bernard Topel attended grade school in Bozeman and, after graduating from St. Charles High School in Helena, studied at Mount St. Charles College in Helena, Montana. He then studied theology at the Grand Seminary of Montreal in Montreal, Quebec.
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Johannes Aepinus
1499 - 1553 (54 years)
Johannes Aepinus was a German Lutheran theologian, the first Superintendent of Hamburg from 1532 to 1553, presiding as spiritual leader over the Lutheran state church of Hamburg. Life He was born at Ziesar or Ziegesar, then the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg . He was under the instruction of Johannes Bugenhagen. He took his bachelor's degree at Wittenberg in 1520; here he became the friend of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. Then he had a school in Brandenburg upon Havel, but was imprisoned for his reforming activity, and had to leave home. He then adopted the modified f...
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Martin de Barcos
1600 - 1678 (78 years)
Martin de Barcos , was a French Catholic priest and theologian of the Jansenist School. Life Barcos was born at Bayonne, a nephew of Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, the commendatory abbot of the Abbey of Saint-Cyran-en-Brenne in the Duchy of Berry, who sent him to Belgium to be taught by Cornelius Jansen. When he returned to France he served for a time as tutor to a son of Robert Arnauld d'Andilly and later, in 1644, succeeded his uncle as the owner of the abbey. He did much to improve the abbey; new buildings were erected, and the library much enhanced.
Go to Profile#2924
Adam Marsh
1200 - 1259 (59 years)
Adam Marsh was an English Franciscan, scholar and theologian. Marsh became, after Robert Grosseteste, "...the most eminent master of England." Biography He was born about 1200 in the diocese of Bath, and educated at Oxford under the famous Robert Grosseteste. Before 1226 Marsh received the benefice of Wearmouth from his uncle, Richard Marsh, Bishop of Durham; but around 1230 he entered the Franciscan order. at the friary in Worcester.
Go to Profile#2925
Valerian Șesan
1878 - 1940 (62 years)
Valerian Șesan was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian theologian. Born in Slobozia Rarancei, in Austrian-ruled Bukovina, his father was a Romanian Orthodox priest. From 1888 to 1896, he attended the Romanian gymnasium in Czernowitz , followed by the theology faculty of Czernowitz University from 1896 to 1900. After receiving a doctorate from that institution in 1901, he studied at the law faculties of Czernowitz, Vienna and Prague, obtaining a law doctorate at Prague in 1916. Meanwhile, in 1906-1907, he took specialty courses at Athens University and in Jerusalem. Then, from 1907 to 1908, he studied at the theological academies of Kiev, Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
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Johann Friedrich Schleusner
1759 - 1831 (72 years)
Johann Friedrich Schleusner was a German Protestant theologian. He was considered one of the more prominent German theological scholars of his time. Life Schleusner was born on 16 January 1759 in Leipzig. He enrolled on 19 May 1775 at the University of Leipzig, where he obtained a "Magister" degree in Theology on 18 February 1779. In 1781 he began lecturing at the university, and was also the morning preacher at the Leipzig University church. On 7 October 1782 he became a Bachelor of Theology.
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Jean-Pierre Gury
1801 - 1866 (65 years)
Jean-Pierre Gury was a French Jesuit moral theologian. He is accounted one of the restorers of the old casuistic method, a fact that made him worthy of personifying the "Jesuit Moral" in the eyes of some, who, especially in Germany, attacked his doctrine. An ardent follower of Hermann Busenbaum and of Alphonsus Ligouri, he contributed largely towards the final defeat of Jansenism.
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Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga
1899 - 1976 (77 years)
Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga was a Mexican Catholic priest and theologian. Jesuit from 1916 to 1952 he was later a harsh critic of the Second Vatican Council decisions and of the post-conciliar Pope Paul VI. In 1972, he was declared excommunicated by the Roman Catholic bishops' conference of Mexico. He is considered to be one of the first promoters of sedevacantism.
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Jean-Noël Paquot
1722 - 1803 (81 years)
Jean-Noël Paquot was a Belgian theologian, historian, Hebrew scholar and bibliographer. Life Paquot was born in Florennes in 1722. In 1738 he enrolled at the University of Louvain, graduating Licentiate of Theology in 1751. From 1755 to 1771 he taught Hebrew at the Collegium Trilingue in Leuven, where he was also librarian. He was stripped of his position after a sodomy trial. In subsequent years he lived in Brussels and Gembloux. In 1782 he was stripped of his pension as court historiographer to Empress Maria Theresa, for having denied that the Austrian government had a historical claim to S...
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Narcissus Marsh
1638 - 1713 (75 years)
Narcissus Marsh was an English clergyman who was successively Church of Ireland Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin, Archbishop of Cashel, Archbishop of Dublin and Archbishop of Armagh. Marsh was born at Hannington, Wiltshire and was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. He later became a fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, in 1658. In 1662 he was ordained, and presented to the living of Swindon, which he resigned in the following year.
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John Rainolds
1549 - 1607 (58 years)
John Rainolds was an English academic and churchman, of Puritan views. He is remembered for his role in the Authorized Version of the Bible, a project of which he was initiator. Life He was born about Michaelmas 1549 at Pinhoe, near Exeter. He was fifth son of Richard Rainolds; William Rainolds was his brother. His uncle Thomas Rainolds held the living of Pinhoe from 1530 to 1537, and was subsequently Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and Dean of Exeter. John Rainolds appears to have entered the University of Oxford originally at Merton, but on 29 April 1563 he was elected to a scholarship at Corpus Christi College, where two of his brothers, Hierome and Edmond, were already fellows.
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Louis Massebieau
1840 - 1904 (64 years)
Jean Adolphe Massebieau , known as Louis, was a French Protestant historian and theologian. In 1877 he became maître de conférences at the Faculté de théologie protestante de Paris. In 1880 he was named maître de conférences at the École pratique des hautes études . His daughter, Louise Compain, was a feminist author and co-founder of the feminist movement in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Robert Hall
1764 - 1831 (67 years)
The Rev. Robert Hall was an English Baptist minister. Life He was born at Arnesby near Leicester, where his father Robert Hall was pastor of a Baptist congregation. Robert was the youngest of a family of fourteen. While still at the same school his passion for books absorbed most of his time, and in summer he used to go to the churchyard after school with a volume, and read till nightfall, making out the meaning of the more difficult words with the help of a pocket dictionary. From his sixth to his eleventh year he attended the school of Mr Simmons at Wigston, a village four miles from Arnesby.
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Jacob Georg Christian Adler
1756 - 1834 (78 years)
Jakob Georg Christian Adler was a Danish-German Generalsuperintendent for Holstein and Schleswig, Orientalist, Syriac language professor at the University of Copenhagen, Lutheran theologian, Oberkonsistorialrat, book writer, religious educator, coin collector and head of the Schleswig-Holsteinische Bibelgesellschaft.
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Francesco Zabarella
1360 - 1417 (57 years)
Francesco Zabarella was an Italian cardinal and canonist. Appointment as bishop Born in Padua, he studied jurisprudence at Bologna and at Florence, where he graduated in 1385. He taught Canon law at Florence until 1390 and at Padua until 1410. Having taken minor orders in 1385, he became vicar of bishop Acciajuoli of Florence and pastor at the Church of Santa Maria in Pruncta near Florence. In 1398 he was made archpriest of the cathedral at Padua. The Paduan Government repeatedly employed him on diplomatic missions, and towards the end of 1404, he was one of two ambassadors sent to King Charl...
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Henry Lawrence Hitchcock
1813 - 1873 (60 years)
Rev. Henry Lawrence Hitchcock was an American minister and the third President of Western Reserve College, now Case Western Reserve University. He was mayor of the village of Hudson, Ohio in 1861. Biography Hitchcock was born in Burton, Geauga County, Ohio, October 31, 1813. His father, Hon. Peter Hitchcock, a native of Cheshire, Conn., was a member of the US Congress and Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court. His mother was Nabby, daughter of Elam Cook, of Cheshire.
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Edward Caldwell Moore
1857 - 1943 (86 years)
Edward Caldwell Moore was an American theologian, brother of George Foot Moore and Frank Gardner Moore. Early life and education He was born at West Chester, Pa., the son of the Rev. William Eves Moore and his wife, Harriet. He graduated from Marietta College in 1877 and from Union Theological Seminary in 1884; and studied at Berlin, Göttingen, and Gießen from 1884–1886. He received an honorary PhD from Brown University in 1891.
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Jean-Baptiste Cotelier
1626 - 1686 (60 years)
Jean-Baptiste Cotelier or Cotelerius was a Patristic scholar and Catholic theologian. Life His early education was under the personal direction of his father, at one time a Protestant minister, but later a convert to Catholicism. He was reportedly able to interpret the Bible in the original Hebrew and Greek before the General Assembly of the French clergy in Mantes ; he made such a favourable impression on the clergy that they increased his father's pension. During the period of his theological studies at Paris , Cotelier's intellectual qualities procured for him an introduction to the king .
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Oswald Myconius
1488 - 1552 (64 years)
Oswald Myconius was a Swiss Protestant theologian and Protestant reformer. He was a follower of Huldrych Zwingli. Life He was born at Lucerne, Switzerland. His family name was Geisshüsler, and his father was a miller; hence he was also called Molitoris . The name Myconius is said to have been given him by Erasmus; it alludes to the proverbial expression bald-headed Myconian. From the school at Lucerne he went to the University of Basel to study classics. From 1514 he obtained teaching posts at Basel, where he married, and made the acquaintance of Erasmus and of Hans Holbein, the painter. In ...
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Johann Friedrich Cotta
1701 - 1779 (78 years)
Johann Friedrich Cotta was a German Lutheran theologian. Biography He was the son of Johann Georg Cotta, who was in turn the son of Johann Georg Cotta, the founder of the publishing house J. G. Cotta. After studying theology at the University of Tübingen, Johann Friedrich began his public career as lecturer at the University of Jena. He then traveled through Germany, France and the Netherlands, and, after residing several years in London, became professor at Tübingen in 1733.
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John Edward Gunn
1863 - 1924 (61 years)
John Edward Gunn was an Irish-born prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Natchez from 1911 until his death in 1924. Biography Early life and ordination The oldest of eleven children, John Gunn was born on March 15, 1863, in Fivemiletown, County Tyrone, in Ireland to Edward and Mary Gunn. From 1875 to 1880, he studied at St. Mary's College in Dundalk, Ireland. He then attended the Marist House of Studies in Paignton, England before furthering his studies in Rome at the Pontifical Gregorian University . While in Rome, Gunn made his profession in the Society of Mary on August...
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Antoine-Jacques Roustan
1734 - 1808 (74 years)
Antoine-Jacques Roustan was a Genevan pastor and theologian, who engaged in an extensive correspondence with Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Unlike Rousseau, he believed that a Christian republic was practical - that the Christian religion was not incompatible with patriotism or republicanism.
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Jean-Martin de Prades
1724 - 1782 (58 years)
Jean-Martin de Prades was a French Catholic theologian. He became famous through a thesis he presented that was considered irreligious. Life Prades was born at Castelsarrasin, Tarn-et-Garonne. Having finished his preliminary studies, he went to Paris, where he lived in many seminaries, especially in that of St-Sulpice. He very soon became acquainted with the principal publishers of the Encyclopédie, and supplied them with the article on "Certitude".
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Johann Thomas Ludwig Wehrs
1751 - 1811 (60 years)
Johann Thomas Ludwig Wehrs was a German theologian and a founder of the Göttinger Hainbund literary group. Wehrs, the son of an official, studied theology from 1769 to 1775. His knowledge of French, English and Italian led in 1772 to his being invited to be part of the Hainbund. Just one poem by him appeared in the Göttinger Musenalmanach of 1777. The poet Hölty died in his arms in 1776 in Hanover, during Wehrs's employment as house tutor . In 1780 he became a pastor in Kirchhorst near Hannover, moving in 1788 to Isernhagen.
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Friedrich Gottlob Uhlemann
1792 - 1864 (72 years)
Friedrich Gottlob Uhlemann was a German Protestant theologian and educator best known as the author of orientalist grammatical works. In 1815 he received his PhD from the University of Leipzig, where he was a student of Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller. Following graduation he worked for several years as a private tutor to the family of Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf. From 1822 up until his death in 1864 he was a teacher at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Berlin. Concurrently, he passed his habilitation for theology at the University of Berlin , where in 1835 he was named an associate professor of theology.
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Karl Heinrich Adelbert Lipsius
1805 - 1861 (56 years)
Karl Heinrich Adelbert Lipsius was a German theologian, philologist and educator. He studied philology and theology at the University of Leipzig, receiving his habilitation in 1827. In the autumn of 1827, he was named conrector at the gymnasium in Gera. In 1832 he began work as a teacher of religious studies at the Thomasschule in Leipzig, where in 1847 he became conrector. In 1861 he succeeded Johann Gottfried Stallbaum as academic rector at Thomasschule, but died soon afterwards in July 1861.
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Cecil Weir
1897 - 1995 (98 years)
Cecil James Mullo Weir was a Scottish academic and theologian, who was Professor of Hebrew and Semitic Languages at the University of Glasgow from 1937 until 1968. Life Weir was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on 4 December 1897. He was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, with his university studies at the University of Edinburgh being interrupted by service with the British Expeditionary Force in the First World War between 1917 and 1919 in France, Belgium and in Germany. After the war, he returned to university and was awarded a first-class Master of Arts degree in classics 1923. He obtained a further first-class degree in Semitic Languages in 1925.
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Charles D'Arcy
1859 - 1938 (79 years)
Charles Frederick D'Arcy was a Church of Ireland bishop. He was the Bishop of Clogher from 1903 to 1907 when he was translated to become Bishop of Ossory, Ferns and Leighlin before then becoming the Bishop of Down, Connor and Dromore. He was then briefly the Archbishop of Dublin and finally, from 1920 until his death, Archbishop of Armagh. He was also a theologian, author and botanist.
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Nicholas Timothy Clerk
1862 - 1961 (99 years)
Nicholas Timothy Clerk was a Protestant theologian, clergyman and pioneering missionary of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society in southeast colonial Ghana. His father was the Jamaican Moravian missionary Alexander Worthy Clerk , who worked extensively on the Gold Coast with the Basel Mission and co-founded in 1843 the Salem School, a Presbyterian boarding middle school for boys. Born on the Gold Coast, N. T. Clerk was elected the first Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast, in effect, the chief ecclesiastical officer, equivalent to the chief administrator and overall strategy lead of the national church organisation, a position he held from 1918 to 1932.
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Joseph Schwane
1824 - 1892 (68 years)
Joseph Schwane was a German Catholic theologian. Life After receiving his early education at Dorsten and Recklinghause, he studied philosophy and theology at Münster , and upon his ordination to the priesthood, 29 May 1847, continued his studies for two years at the University of Bonn and University of Tübingen. He then became director of Count von Galen's institute at Münster, was privat-docent in church history, moral theology, and history of dogmatics at the University of Münster , and assistant professor-in-ordinary of moral theology, history of dogmatics, and symbolism. At the same time ...
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