The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
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List of the most influential people in Religious Studies,
#4201
William Ames
1576 - 1633 (57 years)
William Ames was an English Puritan minister, philosopher, and controversialist. He spent much time in the Netherlands, and is noted for his involvement in the controversy between the Calvinists and the Arminians.
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Luke Joseph Hooke
1716 - 1796 (80 years)
Luke Joseph Hooke was a controversial Irish theologian, representing in Paris the "Catholicism of the Enlightenment". The laws of civil society should be so designed, he argued, to enable individuals to conform, through their own free will, to the natural rights ordained by God.
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John Clayton
1709 - 1773 (64 years)
John Clayton was an English clergyman, an early Methodist, and Jacobite supporter. Life He was the son of William Clayton, bookseller, of Manchester, and was born 9 October 1709. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School, and gained the school exhibition to Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1725. In 1729 the Hulmean scholarship was awarded to him, and a little later he became a college tutor. He proceeded B.A. on 16 April 1729, and M.A. on 8 June 1732.
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Karl Adam
1876 - 1966 (90 years)
Karl Adam was a German Catholic theologian, known for his work in the fields of ecclesiology and Christology. He spent most of his academic career at the University of Tübingen, where he published work influenced by Lebensphilosophie and German Romanticism including The Spirit of Catholicism , which argued for an understanding of the church as a community and for a revitalisation of Christian faith. Following Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Adam sought rapprochement between the Nazi regime and the German Catholic Church. In pursuit of this aim, he published work during the Nazi era that...
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Carl Mirbt
1860 - 1929 (69 years)
Carl Theodor Mirbt was a German Protestant church historian. He was a member of the history of religions school. Biography Mirbt studied theology from 1880 to 1885 in Halle, Erlangen and Göttingen. During his studies in Göttingen, he was a member of the Thuringia Academic Theological Society. In 1888, he became a member of the Theological Faculty of the University of Göttingen with a doctoral dissertation on "The Position of Augustine in the Gregorian Church Dispute". In 1888, he qualified as a Göttingen professor in church history.
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Friedrich von Bodelschwingh the Elder
1831 - 1910 (79 years)
Friedrich Christian Carl von Bodelschwingh , better known as Friedrich von Bodelschwingh the Elder, was a German theologian and politician. He is remembered as the founder of the v. Bodelschwinghsche Anstalten Bethel charitable foundations.
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Anastasius Sinaita
630 - 701 (71 years)
Anastasius Sinaita , also called Anastasius of Sinai or Anastasius the Sinaite, was a Greek writer, priest and abbot of Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai. Life What little is known about his life is gathered from his own works. In Antiquity, he was often confused with the bishop and writer Anastasius I of Antioch , and the authorship of various works attributed to Anastasius of Sinai is still vigorously disputed. A canon has been tentatively accepted by modern scholars, but even among these Anastasian works there are spurious sections. His writings concern questions and answers about issues of Christian dogma, ritual, and lifestyle ; sermons; and exegesis.
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Henry Ware
1764 - 1845 (81 years)
Henry Ware was a preacher and theologian influential in the formation of Unitarianism and the American Unitarian Association in the United States. Born in Sherborn, Massachusetts , Ware was educated at Harvard College, earning his A.B. in 1785. He was from 1787 to 1805 the minister of the First Parish in Hingham, Massachusetts. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1804. In 1805 he was elected to the Hollis Chair at Harvard, precipitating a controversy between Unitarians and more conservative Calvinists. He took part in the formation of the Harvard Divinity S...
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José Rafael Campoy
1723 - 1777 (54 years)
José Rafael Campoy Gastélum was a Mexican Jesuit, teacher, scholar, and theologian. After the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish provinces , he went to Italy, where he died ten years later. Biography José Rafael Campoy was born in Álamos, New Navarre, now known as Sonora. A son of Francisco Xavier Campoy and Andrea Gastélum, he was born into a wealthy and distinguished family.
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Tancred of Bologna
1185 - 1236 (51 years)
Tancred of Bologna or of Germany , commonly just Tancredus, was a Dominican preacher and canonist. He is easily conflated with a contemporary Dominican, Tancred Tancredi, and the two are sometimes indistinguishable in the sources and have been treated as one person, though this is known to be false.
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Erdmann Neumeister
1671 - 1756 (85 years)
Erdmann Neumeister was a German Lutheran pastor and hymnologist. He was born in Uichteritz near Weißenfels in the province Saxonia of Germany. As a fifteen-year-old boy he started his studies in Schulpforta, an old humanistic gymnasium. He became a student of poetology and theology in the University of Leipzig between 1691 and 1697. He began his career as a minister of religion in the spa town of Bibra. He became diaconus for the duke of Saxonia-Weissenfels. From 1705 to 1715, he was superintendent in Sorau . He left for Hamburg because of theological disputes. . He died in Hamburg as an honoured main pastor.
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Joannes Zonaras
1074 - 1145 (71 years)
Joannes or John Zonaras was a Byzantine Greek historian, chronicler and theologian who lived in Constantinople . Under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos he held the offices of head justice and private secretary to the emperor, but after Alexios' death, he retired to the monastery on the Island of Hagia Glykeria, , where he spent the rest of his life writing books.
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Joseph Kleutgen
1811 - 1883 (72 years)
Joseph Wilhelm Karl Kleutgen was a German Jesuit theologian and philosopher. He was a member of the Society of Jesus, and contributed significantly to the establishment of Neo-scholasticism. Life Kleutgen was born in Dortmund, Westphalia. He began his studies with the intention of becoming a priest, but owing to the Protestant atmosphere of the school which he attended, his zeal for religion gradually cooled. From 28 April 1830, to 8 January 1831, he studied philology at the University of Munich. He was intensely interested in Plato's philosophy and the Greek tragic poets. As member of the ...
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Jerome Emser
1477 - 1527 (50 years)
Jerome Emser , German theologian and antagonist of Luther, was born of a good family at Ulm. He studied Greek at Tübingen and jurisprudence at Basel, and after acting for three years as chaplain and secretary to Raymond Peraudi, cardinal of Gurk, he began lecturing on classics in 1504 at Erfurt, where Luther may have been among his audience. In the same year he became secretary to Duke George of Albertine Saxony, who, unlike his cousin Frederick the Wise, the elector of Ernestine Saxony, remained the stanchest defender of Roman Catholicism among the princes of northern Germany.
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Sebastian Gebhard Messmer
1847 - 1930 (83 years)
Sebastian Gebhard Messmer was a Swiss-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay and Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee . He is largely remembered as a moderate. As a progressive for his time, Messmer opposed segregationist church policies based on race or language, and he was a major supporter of expanding Catholic-run welfare programs. But, he also pushed back against socialism as the movement was growing in Wisconsin, and he opposed women gaining the right to vote.
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Gaston Fessard
1897 - 1978 (81 years)
Gaston Fessard was a French Jesuit and theologian. Father Fessard was the author of the first issue of Cahiers du Témoignage chrétien in November 1941, titled "France, Beware the Loss of Your Soul," which opposed Nazism in the name of Christian values. He also argued against the obligation to obey the Vichy government, elaborating his theory of the "slave prince," borrowed from Clausewitz: it is useful to obey the prince while he is sovereign and acts in the common interest, but resistance becomes necessary when the sovereignty of the slave-prince is limited and actions are dictated by the occupier.
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Johann Karl Thilo
1794 - 1853 (59 years)
Johann Karl Thilo was a German theologian and biblical scholar. He studied theology at the University of Leipzig and a final semester at the University of Halle, where he was appointed to teach at the preparatory Paedagogium of the Francke institutions, and assisted his father-in-law, Georg Christian Knapp, director of the theological seminary. In 1820 he travelled to Paris, London and Oxford with his colleague Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm Gesenius for the examination of rare Eastern manuscripts. At Halle he was privat-docent from 1819, appointed professor of theology and in 1853 a consistori...
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Pope Clement VI
1291 - 1352 (61 years)
Pope Clement VI , born Pierre Roger, was head of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death, in December 1352. He was the fourth Avignon pope. Clement reigned during the first visitation of the Black Death , during which he granted remission of sins to all who died of the plague.
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Stephen Samuel Wise
1874 - 1949 (75 years)
Stephen Samuel Wise was an early 20th-century American Reform rabbi and Zionist leader in the Progressive Era. Born in Budapest, he was an infant when his family immigrated to New York. He followed his father and grandfather in becoming a rabbi, serving in New York and in Portland, Oregon. Wise was also a founding member of the NAACP.
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Johannes von Kuhn
1806 - 1887 (81 years)
Johannes Evangelist von Kuhn was a German Catholic theologian. With Franz Anton Staudenmaier he occupied the foremost rank among the speculative dogmatists of the Catholic Tübingen school. Life Kuhn was born in Wäschenbeuren in the Kingdom of Württemberg. He pursued his classical studies at Schwäbisch Gmünd, Ellwangen, and Rottweil, and courses in philosophy and theology from 1825 to 1830 at Tübingen; entered the seminary at Rottenburg in the autumn of 1830, and was there ordained on 14 September 1831. In the autumn of 1832, he became professor of New Testament exegesis in the Catholic theological faculty then attached to the University of Giessen.
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Étienne Tempier
1210 - 1279 (69 years)
Étienne Tempier was a French bishop of Paris during the 13th century. He was Chancellor of the Sorbonne from 1263 to 1268, and bishop of Paris from 1268 until his death. He is best remembered for promulgating a Condemnation of 219 philosophical and theological propositions that addressed concepts that were being disputed in the faculty of arts at the University of Paris.
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William Henry Channing
1810 - 1884 (74 years)
William Henry Channing was an American Unitarian clergyman, writer and philosopher. Biography William Henry Channing was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Channing's father, Francis Dana Channing, died when he was an infant, and responsibility for the young man's education was assumed by his uncle, William Ellery Channing, the pre-eminent Unitarian theologian of the early nineteenth century. The younger William graduated from Harvard College in 1829 and from Harvard Divinity School in 1833. He was ordained and installed over the Unitarian church in Cincinnati in 1835. He became warmly interested in the schemes of Charles Fourier and others for social reorganization.
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Moses Sofer
1762 - 1839 (77 years)
Moses Schreiber , known to his own community and Jewish posterity in the Hebrew translation as Moshe Sofer, also known by his main work Chatam Sofer, Chasam Sofer, or Hatam Sofer , was one of the leading Orthodox rabbis of European Jewry in the first half of the nineteenth century.
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Hermann, Freiherr von Soden
1852 - 1914 (62 years)
Baron Hermann von Soden was a German Biblical scholar, minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. Life Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the University of Tübingen. In 1881 he was appointed as the minister at Dresden-Striesen and in 1887 he became minister of the Jerusalem Church in Berlin. In 1889 he also became a privatdozent, a form of tutor, in the University of Berlin, and four years later was appointed as an extraordinary professor of divinity. He fought for a more presbyterian and democratic constitution in the congregations of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces.
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Petrus Comestor
1100 - 1179 (79 years)
Petrus Comestor, also called Pierre le Mangeur , was a twelfth-century French theological writer and university teacher. Life Petrus Comestor was born in Troyes. Although the name Comestor was popularly attributed to his habit of devouring books and learning, it was probably, and more prosaically, a family name. It did, however, give Peter a nice pun for his epitaph : Petrus eram quem petra tegit,/ dictusque Comestor nunc comedor .
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Karl Friedrich Stäudlin
1761 - 1826 (65 years)
Karl Friedrich Stäudlin was a German Protestant theologian born in Stuttgart. He studied theology in Tübingen, and from 1790 was a professor of theology at the University of Göttingen, where remained for nearly 36 years. In 1803 he was appointed Consistorialrath.
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Chizen Akanuma
1884 - 1937 (53 years)
was a Japanese Buddhist scholar and priest within the Ōtani-ha branch of Shin Buddhism, and a professor of Otani University who specialized in pre-sectarian Buddhism. Life Akanuma was born in Nagaoka city, Niigata Prefecture in 1884. He attended Yamabe training at a private school operated by Shin Buddhism in 1909. In 1919, he was appointed professor of Shinshu University and gave lectures on pre-sectarian Buddhism and Pali language. In 1933 he became a Department of Otani University Faculty Professor, held Pre-sectarian Buddhist Course and Pali Language Course. He died in 1937 at his home .
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Berengar of Tours
990 - 1088 (98 years)
Berengar of Tours , in Latin Berengarius Turonensis, was an 11th-century French Christian theologian and archdeacon of Angers, a scholar whose leadership of the cathedral school at Chartres set an example of intellectual inquiry through the revived tools of dialectic that was soon followed at cathedral schools of Laon and Paris. Berengar of Tours was distinguished from mainline Catholic theology by two views: his assertion of the supremacy of Scripture and his denial of transubstantiation.
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Johann Georg Neumann
1661 - 1709 (48 years)
Johann Georg Neumann was a German Lutheran theologian and church historian. Born in Mörz and educated in Zittau, Neuman enrolled in Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg in 15 May 1680, receiving the rank of magister in less than a year, on 25 April 1681 and he became a member of the philosophical faculty in 1684, and full professor for poetics in 1690. Neumann then decided to study theology and began to hold sermons. He received his doctorate in theology in 1692 and became ordinary professor of theology in Wittenberg. Neumann was a pronounced opponent of Pietism and outspoken critic...
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Jonathan Edwards
1745 - 1801 (56 years)
Jonathan Edwards was an American theologian and linguist. Life and career Born in Northampton, Massachusetts Bay, he was the ninth child and second son of Jonathan Edwards and Sarah Edwards. In 1751, the family moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where his exposure to language variation began. Both of Edwards' parents died during the year of 1758. He graduated from Princeton in 1765, after which he studied theology under Joseph Bellamy of Bethlehem, Connecticut. He was a tutor at Princeton from 1767 to 1769, and a pastor in New Haven, Connecticut from 1769 to 1795, where he was dismissed from this position due to doctrinal conflicts in the church.
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Johann Heinrich Callenberg
1694 - 1760 (66 years)
Johann Heinrich Callenberg was a German Orientalist, Lutheran professor of theology and philology, and promoter of conversion attempts among Jews and Muslims. Life Callenberg was born in Molschleben of peasant parents. Beginning in 1715 he studied philology and theology at the University of Halle. Sometime before 1720 Salomon Negri, professor of Syriac and Arabic at Rome, stayed in Halle for six months. Callenberg studied Arabic under him. Besides Arabic, Callenberg also studied Persian and Turkish.
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Johannes Crellius
1590 - 1633 (43 years)
Johannes Crellius was a Polish and German theologian. Life Johann Crell's father, Johann Crell Sr., was pastor of the church at Hellmitzheim, , in Franken, northern Bavaria. His son Krzysztof Crell-Spinowski , and his grandsons Christopher Crell Jr. M.D. of London , Samuel Crellius and Paweł Crell-Spinowski , as well as his great-grandsons in Georgia, United States, were all proponents of Socinian views.
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Hans Iwand
1899 - 1960 (61 years)
Hans Joachim Iwand was a German Lutheran theologian. Iwand's thought was considerably influenced by Karl Barth. Early life After finishing high school in 1917 in Görlitz, Iwand studied Protestant theology at the University of Breslau . A year later, towards the end of World War I, he was drafted for military service. After the war, he was stationed for six months on the Silesian border before continuing his studies in Breslau and studying for two semesters at University of Halle-Wittenberg in Halle. His teachers were Erich Schaeder , Hans von Soden , and Rudolf Hermann . After graduating in 1923 he was superintendent of studies at the Lutherheim in Königsberg in East Prussia.
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Johann Severin Vater
1771 - 1826 (55 years)
Johann Severin Vater was a German theologian, biblical scholar, and linguist. Biography He was a student and professor at Jena and Halle. In 1809, he became professor at Königsberg. In 1820, he resumed his chair at Halle. Although he taught theology, he is chiefly known as a philologist. In 1817, Vater was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society
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John McClintock
1814 - 1870 (56 years)
John McClintock was an American Methodist Episcopal theologian and educationalist, born in Philadelphia. Biography McClintock matriculated at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. Ill health, however, forced him to leave Wesleyan in his freshman year. Unable to return, he graduated subsequently from the University of Pennsylvania in 1835, and was assistant professor of mathematics , professor of mathematics , and professor of Latin and Greek in Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He opposed the Mexican–American War, as well as slavery, but did not consider himself an abolitionist.
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Christian Gottlob Wilke
1786 - 1854 (68 years)
Christian Gottlob Wilke was a German theologian. He studied philosophy and theology at the University of Leipzig, and from 1814 to 1819 served as a minister to a Saxon Landwehr installation. Afterwards he worked as a pastor in the hamlet of Hermannsdorf in the Ore Mountains.
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S. G. F. Brandon
1907 - 1971 (64 years)
Samuel George Frederick Brandon was a British Anglican priest and scholar of comparative religion. He became professor of comparative religion at the University of Manchester in 1951. Biography Born in Devon in 1907, Brandon was a graduate of the University of Leeds. He was ordained as a priest in 1932 after Anglican training at Mirfield, and then spent seven years as a parish priest before enrolling as an army chaplain in the Second World War, after which he began a successful academic career in 1951 as an historian of religion. Brandon's most influential work, Jesus and the Zealots, was pub...
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Joseph Lortz
1887 - 1975 (88 years)
Joseph Lortz was a Roman Catholic church historian. He was a highly regarded Reformation historian and ecumenist. Beginning in the 1940s, Lortz made his ecumenical views available to general readers as well as to scholars in order to promote reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants. His writings played a role in the thinking that manifested itself in the Second Vatican Council's Decree on Ecumenism, Unitatis Redintegratio . What was not widely known, however, was Lortz's involvement with Nazism from 1933 until 1937. His Geschichte der Kirche portrayed the church of the 1800s and th...
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William Elliot Griffis
1843 - 1928 (85 years)
William Elliot Griffis was an American orientalist, Congregational minister, lecturer, and prolific author. Early life Griffis was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of a sea captain and later a coal trader. During the American Civil War, he served two months as a corporal in Company H of the 44th Pennsylvania Militia after Robert E. Lee invaded Pennsylvania in 1863. After the war, he attended Rutgers University at New Brunswick, New Jersey, graduating in 1869. At Rutgers, Griffis was an English and Latin language tutor for Kusakabe Tarō, a young samurai from the province of Echize...
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Ernst Sellin
1867 - 1946 (79 years)
Ernst Sellin was a German Protestant theologian. Sellin studied theology and oriental languages. During 1897–1908 he taught at the Protestant faculty of theology in Vienna, during 1908–1913 at the University of Rostock, during 1913–1921 in Kiel and in 1921–1935 in Berlin.
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Charles Ellicott
1819 - 1905 (86 years)
Charles John Ellicott was a distinguished English Christian theologian, academic and churchman. He briefly served as Dean of Exeter, then Bishop of the united see of Gloucester and Bristol. Early life and family Ellicott was born in Whitwell, Rutland on 25 April 1819. He was educated at Stamford School and St John's College, Cambridge.
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Edward Welchman
1665 - 1739 (74 years)
Edward Welchman was an English churchman, known as a theological writer. He was Archdeacon of Cardigan from 1727. Life The son of John Welchman, of Banbury, Oxfordshire, he was born in 1665. He matriculated as a commoner of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, on 7 July 1679. He was one of the choristers of Magdalen College in that university from 1679 till 1682. He proceeded B.A. on 24 April 1683, was admitted a probationer fellow of Merton College in 1684, and commenced M.A. on 19 June 1688.
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Heinrich Joseph Wetzer
1801 - 1853 (52 years)
Heinrich Joseph Wetzer was a German Orientalist. His greatest achievement was the part he took in the production of the first edition of the Kirchenlexikon for which he drew up the Nomenclator and which he edited with Benedict Welte.
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George of Laodicea
320 - 361 (41 years)
George was the bishop of Laodicea in Syria from 335 until his deposition in 347. He took part in the Trinitarian controversies of the fourth century. At first an ardent admirer of the teaching of Arius and associated with Eusebius of Nicomedia, he subsequently became a semi-Arian, but seems ultimately to have united with the Anomoeans, whose uncompromising opponent he had once been, and to have died professing their tenets.
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John Cotton
1585 - 1652 (67 years)
John Cotton was a clergyman in England and the American colonies, and was considered the preeminent minister and theologian of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He studied for five years at Trinity College, Cambridge, and nine years at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He had already built a reputation as a scholar and outstanding preacher when he accepted the position of minister at St. Botolph's Church, Boston, in Lincolnshire, in 1612.
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Friedrich Adolf Krummacher
1767 - 1845 (78 years)
Friedrich Adolf Krummacher was a German Reformed theologian and a writer of devotional poetry and prose. Biography He was born in Tecklenburg, Westphalia. Having studied theology at Lingen and Halle, he became successively rector of the grammar school at Moers , a professor of theology at the University of Duisburg , a preacher in Kettwig , Consistorialrath and superintendent in Bernburg , and, after declining an invitation to the University of Bonn, pastor of the Ansgariuskirche in Bremen . He died in Bremen.
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Ethelbert Stauffer
1902 - 1979 (77 years)
Ethelbert Stauffer was a German Protestant theologian and numismatist. Life Stauffer was the son of a Mennonite preacher born and raised in Worms. After attending the local grammar school, he studied Protestant theology at the universities of Halle, Berlin and Tübingen from 1921 to 1925. He then entered the service of the Mennonite churches in Hamburg and Altona. He converted to the Evangelical Church in 1928, and became assistant pastor of the Provincial-Saxon church. The New Testament scholar Ernst von Dobschütz appointed him the faculty assistant in Halle, where he graduated in 1929. He be...
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Louis Eugène Marie Bautain
1796 - 1867 (71 years)
Louis Eugène Marie Bautain , was a French philosopher and theologian. Life Bautain was born at Paris. At the École Normale he came under the influence of Victor Cousin. In 1816 he adopted the profession of higher teaching, and was soon after called to the chair of philosophy in the University of Strasbourg. He held this position for many years, and gave a parallel course of lectures as professor of the literary faculty in the same city. The reaction against speculative philosophy, which carried away De Maistre and Lamennais, influenced him also.
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Johann Heinrich Hottinger
1620 - 1667 (47 years)
Johann Heinrich Hottinger was a Swiss philologist and theologian. Life and works Hottinger studied at Geneva, Groningen and Leiden. After visiting France and England he was appointed professor of church history in his native town of Zürich in 1642. The chair of Hebrew at the Carolinum in Zürich was added in 1643, and in 1653 he was appointed professor ordinarius of logic, rhetoric and theology.
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J. Stuart Russell
1816 - 1895 (79 years)
James Stuart Russell M.A., D.Div., was a Christian pastor and author of The Parousia. The book was originally published in 1878 under title The Parousia: A Critical Inquiry into the New Testament Doctrine of Our Lord's Second Coming with a second edition published in 1887.
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