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Law, in the academic sense of the term, is the study of all aspects of the legal institutions of human society, from the moral and philosophical foundations of the state and its legal and judicial institutions to the detailed workings of the legal system under its various aspects, from the constitution to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. All of this is understood within the context of the English common law tradition, as well as its historical antecedents in Roman law. In addition, law includes the detailed study of the many specific rules, regulations, and pena...
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John Levi Martin ranks among our Top Influential Sociologists Today. Wesleyan University was founded in 1831 under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1872, Wesleyan led the way in admitting female students, an effort sometimes referred to as the “Wesleyan Experiment.” However, resistance to the experiment in certain quarters made itself increasingly felt, until the policy was reversed in 1912. Women were not admitted again until 1970. In 1937, the university became officially independent from the Methodist Episcopal Church. Today, Wesleyan is a fully secular, private research university.
The University of Vienna was founded by the Habsburg ruler, Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria. This monarch was known as “Rudolf der Stifter” [Rudolf the Founder] on account of his fondness for building new cathedrals and monasteries, as well as the university. He may also have been motivated by rivalry with his Central European peers, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV (who had established Charles University in Prague just a few years earlier, in 1348) and Casimir III (known as “Casimir the Great”), King of Poland (who had founded Jagiellonian University in Kraków one year earlier, in 1364). Vienna ...
The University of Warwick (pronounced “Warrick”) was founded in 1965 near the West Midlands market town of the same name, which lies approximately halfway between Coventry and Stratford-upon-Avon, and has a population of a little over 30,000. However, the university campus does not lie in Warwick proper, but rather in a rural area to the north of the old town center, virtually on the outskirts of Coventry. Despite the youth of its university, Warwick itself has a venerable heritage. Its most famous landmark, Warwick Castle, was built by William the Conqueror in 1068, while Warwick School—an i...
Vassar College is a four-year, liberal arts school founded in 1861 as only the second degree-granting institution of higher education for women in the US. Co-educational since 1969, Vassar now has a total student population of a little over 2,400 individuals. Vassar offers the bachelor’s degree in some 50 fields of academic study. Among its most popular programs are those in social sciences, in biological and biomedical sciences, in visual and performing arts, and in foreign languages. In addition to the standard programs in the major foreign languages and literatures, Vassar students may also pursue a Self-Instructional Language Program (SILP).
Barnard College was founded in 1889 as a women’s college associated with Columbia University. It remains an all-women’s institution to this day. Barnard graduates receive diplomas signed by the presidents of both Barnard College and Columbia University. The most popular among Barnard’s many programs are those in the social sciences, in the biological and biomedical sciences, and in English language and literature. Barnard is associated with three Nobel laureates: Other distinguished Barnard connected people include the following: Barnard is regionally accredited by the Middle States Commissio...
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834–1907) was a Russian chemist, who is often considered the principal discoverer of the Periodic Table of the Elements—perhaps the single most-important, unifying idea in the field of chemistry, as well as one of the most recognizable icons in all of science. Mendeleev (in older literature, the name is usually transliterated as “Mendeleyev”) was born in Verkhnie Aremzyani, a village near Tobolsk, in Siberia. His father was a schoolmaster and sometime secondary school philosophy professor. His grandfather was a Russian Orthodox priest. He was the youngest of 14 brothers and sisters who survived early infancy.
The University of East Anglia (UEA) was founded in 1963. East Anglia is a historical region comprising the easternmost counties of England, located northeast of Cambridge on the North Sea coast. The present university consists of four faculties and 26 schools of study, including a world-renowned climatological institute and the most-prestigious creative writing program in the UK. The student body numbers some 18,000 souls. UEA is associated with an unusually high number of celebrated British and international authors. In 1970, the prominent novelists Angus Wilson and Malcolm Bradbury founded the master’s degree program in creative writing.
As with several other universities on this list, the founding of the University of Leipzig occurred in the context of the gradual coalescence in Central Europe of numerous principalities out of the slow disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire. Numerous semi-autonomous duchies, principalities, and kingdoms (small, medium, and large) were brought into being by this historic political transformation, and many of the dukes, princes, and kings who governed them coveted the prestige of having a university on their own territory. Charles University in Prague (in what is now the Czech Republic) led th...
Trinity College was established in Dublin by Queen Elizabeth I in 1592. It was modeled on Oxford and Cambridge, though it was much smaller, originally consisting of only a single “college.” One must be clear that Trinity College was established under the auspices of the Church of England to serve the recently arrived English (that is, Anglican) gentry, who at that time—and for several centuries to come—politically dominated the mostly Catholic native population of Ireland. A university intended to serve the majority Catholic population was not founded until 1851, in the form of the Catholic University of Ireland.
The city of Leeds lies at the northern edge of the English Midlands, the geographical region of the UK where the Industrial Revolution primarily took place. Leeds was especially important as a center of textile manufacturing, which led the way toward the explosive growth of British industry and empire during the Victorian era. All of this helps explain why the University of Leeds traces its roots to the early nineteenth century, with the founding of the Leeds School of Medicine in 1831. In 1874, the medical school was absorbed into the newly founded Yorkshire College of Science, which in turn was expanded into a full liberal-arts school and renamed Yorkshire College in 1884.
The University of Toronto received its royal charter in 1827 from King George IV. Originally known as King’s College, it was the first institution of higher learning in the colonial Province of Upper Canada (consisting of mostly what is now southern Ontario). King’s College was a religious institution, operating under the auspices of the Church of England. In 1850, the university was transferred to a secular administration, at which time it also assumed its present name. Today, the university comprises 11 schools at its principal location in downtown Toronto’s Queen’s Park neighborhood, as well as two satellite campuses.
Jeremy Waldron ranks among our Top Influential Legal Scholars Today. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world, which affords it an aura of awe and respect that no amount of money can buy. If Cambridge was preeminent in the analytical philosophy tradition during the twentieth century, Oxford was far more important for the Scholastic philosophical tradition during the High Middle Ages. For example, the great Scottish metaphysician John Duns Scotus (his name means, roughly, “John, of the village of Duns, in Scotland”) was in residence here during the 1290s, and again briefly between 1302 and 1304, between stays at the University of Paris.
Marshall Sahlins ranks among our Top Influential Anthropologists Today. Michael J. Fischer ranks among our Top Influential Computer Scientists Today. The flagship campuses of many of the state university systems have superb faculties and excellent academic reputations. However, setting aside Berkeley as a special case, by our criteria the University of Michigan’s Ann Arbor campus is the most distinguished of all these many fine institutions. That is, Michigan has a strong claim to be considered (after Berkeley) the best public research university in the US. One thing in Michigan’s favor is i...
The University of Miami (UM) was founded in 1925. UM offers 132 bachelor’s and 148 master’s degrees, as well as 67 doctorates. Among the most popular of UM’s academic programs are those in business, management, and marketing, in biological and biomedical sciences, and in health professions. UM’s Division of Continuing and International Education offers eight online master’s degree programs and one online doctoral program. UM is associated with seven Nobel laureates: Among many other distinguished individuals linked to UM, we may mention the following: UM is regionally accredited by the Souther...
The origins of Imperial College London (ICL) can be traced back to the Royal College of Chemistry, founded in 1845. In 1853, this school was merged with the Royal School of Mines, established two years previously. The modern Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine (ICL’s official name) was established by royal charter in 1907 through merger of the Royal School of Mines with the Royal College of Chemistry and the City and Guilds College. Imperial College Medical School was formed in 1988 through merger with St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School (itself dating back to 1845), while in 2004 a brand-new Imperial College Business School opened its doors.
The University at Buffalo (officially, State University of New York at Buffalo) was founded in 1846 as a private medical college by Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the US. Commonly known as UB, the university joined the SUNY system in 1962. Today, UB is the largest public university in the state of New York, with a student population of about 31,503. The university comprises 13 colleges and three campuses, two in Buffalo proper and one in the suburb of Amherst. UB offers undergraduates some 100 areas of study, as well as 205 master’s, 84 doctoral, and 10 professional degree programs. A wi...
By rights, the University of Texas (known within Texas itself as “UT,” for short) ought to be 40 years older than it is. In 1839, the Republic of Texas officially set aside 40 acres of prime real estate in the center of the new country’s capital city, Austin, as the site for the campus of a national university. The Texas Congress also granted 288,000 acres of land, mainly in the western regions of the Republic, as a financial endowment for the future university. Much later, oil was discovered beneath a lot of that land. As a result, UT’s endowment is now worth a little more than $30 billion, making the school by far the wealthiest public university in the country.
The founding of Northwestern University was spearheaded by the physician and politician John Evans, for whom the town of Evanston, Illinois, is named. The school is a private institution whose campus lies along Lake Michigan, just north of Chicago. Northwestern was originally intended to serve the needs of the geographical area corresponding to the former Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and eastern Minnesota)—hence the school’s name. The university is particularly renowned for its many distinguished professional schools, including the: Northwestern is also ho...
Yale was originally founded under the name of Collegiate School by Connecticut Colony in 1701. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher learning in the US, after Harvard, the College of William & Mary (in Williamsburg, Virginia), and St. John’s College (in Annapolis, Maryland). Called the “Collegiate School,” its original mission was to train future ministers for the Congregational Church. Yale is known as an all-around powerhouse, not unlike Harvard, with strength in a wide variety of fields. For one thing, five US presidents have passed through Yale, the second-highest number after Harvard.
Boston University (universally known as “BU”) traces its roots to a Methodist Church training college, the Newbury Biblical Institute, founded in Newbury, Vermont, by a group of Boston-based Methodist ministers and elders. Ten years later, in 1849, the school was transferred to the much larger town (and state capital) of Concord, New Hampshire, where it operated as the Concord Biblical Institute for 20 more years. Finally, in 1869, it moved again, this time to Boston itself, under the new name of the Boston Theological Institute. Just two years after that, in 1871, the school’s name was changed one last time—to Boston University.
Howard University (HU) was founded in 1867 as an institution of higher education for recently freed African slaves. HU is organized into 13 schools and colleges, which together provide over 120 undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees and certificates—more than are offered by any other historically black university or college in the nation. HU is especially known for its STEM programs, as well as its programs in social work, in business, and in communication. In addition, HU offers some 470 online courses leading to undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees and certificates. H...
The University of Minnesota (UM) traces its roots to a college preparatory school established in the city of Minneapolis seven years before Minnesota entered the Union in 1858. This school closed its doors during the Civil War, but reopened in 1867. In 1869, the prep school was reconfigured as an institution of higher learning. Today, that modest college has grown into one of the largest universities in the country, with a student population of around 52,000. During the 1880s, UM expanded to another campus located in St. Paul, the state capital and the city immediately adjacent to Minneapolis to the east.
Cornell University was founded in turbulent times. With the Civil War winding down, and less than two weeks after President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination, the Governor of New York signed the school’s official charter in the state capital, Albany, where only the day before Lincoln’s funeral procession had passed through the city’s streets. Two men were behind the drive to establish a first-class university in upstate New York: wealthy businessman Ezra Cornell, the founder of Western Union, who was originally from Ithaca (where the new school was to be located), and Andrew Dickson White, a prominent historian and educator, who hailed from nearby Syracuse.
The University of Bristol traces its roots to a Merchant Venturers’ school (later the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College) founded in 1595 by the Society of Merchant Venturers, a Bristol-based charitable organization. In 1876, a group of businessmen and religious leaders gathered to discuss the founding of a “College of Science and Literature for the West of England and South Wales.” This idea was brought to fruition in the form of University College, Bristol, that same year. A third institution, the Bristol Medical School, was founded in 1833. In 1893, Bristol Medical School merged with U...
The present-day University of Munich traces its roots to a fifteenth-century institution founded in the town of Ingolstadt by Duke Ludwig IX of Bavaria-Landshut. The school was moved to the town of Landshut in 1800 by King Maximilian I of Bavaria, when Ingolstadt was threatened by invading French armies during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1802, it was given its present official name of “Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU)” in recognition of its first and second founding fathers. Finally, in 1826 another Ludwig—King Ludwig I of Bavaria—relocated the university yet again to its present location in the Bavarian capital city of Munich.
McGill University is the direct descendent of McGill College, founded by royal charter in 1821 and largely funded by a bequest from the Scottish-born Canadian entrepreneur and philanthropist, James McGill. The university took its present name in 1885. Though situated on the slopes of Mount Royal in the heart of French-speaking Montreal (with a satellite campus on the westernmost tip of Montreal Island), McGill was founded as an English-speaking institution, and remains so to this day. Today, McGill is a flourishing, internationally focused university with a student body of around 40,000—one of the largest in Canada.
Today’s immense University of Paris System of colleges and universities traces its roots to the school attached to the great cathedral of Notre Dame (which suffered a terrible fire in April of 2019). Like all cathedral schools, this one was an institution run by and for the Catholic Church to train young men for the priesthood and/or the monastic life. Around 1150, a new corporation was chartered (i.e., licensed) by the secular power (King Louis VII) to establish and run a second school loosely associated with the Notre Dame cathedral school. It is the chartering of this corporation that is considered the founding act of the University of Paris.
The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as “Penn”) is a leading private research university (note that nearly all US universities named after their state are public-supported—Penn is an exception to this rule). The sixth-oldest institution of higher learning in the country, Penn was the brain child of American Founding Father Benjamin Franklin, who also served as its first president. Franklin’s educational ideas were highly innovative for the time, inclining more towards the teaching of practical skills and preparation for the learned professions, in contrast to the traditional curricul...
The University of Virginia (UVA) was very much the personal project of the third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Virginia already had a venerable and distinguished university, the College of William & Mary, which is the second-oldest in the country—founded right after Harvard—and was Jefferson’s own alma mater. However, in Jefferson’s day, William & Mary continued to require its students to subscribe to the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, whereas Jefferson had become a deist—not an atheist, but not a Christian, either, and certainly not a friend to the C of E. ...
Paul Pierson ranks among our Top Influential Political Scientists Today. Oberlin College was founded in 1833. Oberlin’s most popular programs are those in English, in biology, in history, in politics, and in environmental studies. Also highly regarded is the Oberlin Conservatory of Music. Oberlin is associated with four Nobel laureates: Among many other distinguished Oberlin-connected individuals, we may mention the following: Oberlin is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC).
Rice University was founded in 1912 as the William M. Rice Institute for the Advancement of Literature, Science, and Art. Long known simply as the Rice Institute, the school acquired its present name in 1960. The institute’s founding took place under unusual and scandalous circumstances. Its founder, the Massachusetts–born William Marsh Rice, was a businessman who had made a large fortune in real estate, railroad development, and cotton trading, much of it in the state of Texas. Towards the end of his life, Rice decided that his estate should be directed after his death to the establishment in Houston of a tuition-free institution of higher learning of highest academic caliber.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was the greatest scientist of the 20th century, bar none. In fact, he’s probably the second-most original and influential scientist of all time-after Isaac Newton... But it’s close. To understand just a bit of his influence and genius, see our most influential people of all time. So, what did Einstein do, exactly? He published pioneering work on several phenomena that were deeply puzzling to physicists of his day, including Brownian motion and the photoelectric effect. Then, he made two startling discoveries that went far beyond anything known at the time that implied matter-energy equivalence (E=mc2).
Gettysburg College (GC) was founded in 1832. Among GC’s most popular programs are those in social sciences, in biological and biomedical sciences, in business, management, and marketing, in psychology, and in English language and literature. GC’s Sunderman Conservatory of Music is also highly respected. GC is associated with one Nobel laureate, J. Michael Bishop for physiology or medicine. Among many other distinguished GC-connected persons, we may mention the following: GC is regionally accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE).
Simon J. Ortiz (born May 27, 1941) is a Native American writer, poet, and enrolled member of the Pueblo of Acoma. Ortiz is one of the key figures in the second wave of what has been called the Native American Renaissance. He attended Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado, as a chemistry major with the help of a BIA educational grant. While enthralled with language and literature, the young Ortiz never considered pursuing writing seriously; at the time, it was not a career that seemed viable for Native people; it was “a profession only whites did.” Since 1968, Ortiz has taught creative writin...
Daniel Heath Justice is an American-born Canadian academic and citizen of the Cherokee Nation. He is professor of First Nations and Indigenous Studies and English at the University of British Columbia. He started his studies at University of Northern Colorado and received his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He began his career at the University of Toronto, where he taught English and worked in association with the Aboriginal Studies Program. Why Indigenous Literatures Matter (2018) is the winner of the NAISA (Native American and Indigenous Studies Association) Award for Subsequent Book published in 2018.
Saint Francis University (SFU) was founded in 1847 by the Franciscan religious order. SFU offers 25 bachelor’s degree programs and seven graduate (master’s and doctoral degree) programs. Of these programs, the undergraduate and graduate programs in business administration and the graduate program in physical therapy are among the most popular. SFU is associated with the following distinguished individuals, among others: SFU is regionally accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE).
Founded in 1858, Susquehanna University (SU) has a student enrollment of about 2,300 undergraduates. SU offers over 100 liberal arts and pre-professional degree programs. Among the most popular ones are those in business and related fields, in communication, and in journalism. The college is also well known for its Writers Institute, which has been a temporary home to many distinguished Visiting Writers over the years. SU Online offers more than 61 bachelor’s degree and certificate programs. SU is associated with one Nobel laureate for literature—poet, Louise Glück. Other distinguished SU con...
Denise Noelani Manuela Arista is an associate professor of Hawaiian and US History in the Department of History at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Her scholarship focuses on 19th century American History, Hawaiian History and Literature, Indigenous epistemology and translation, and Colonial and Indigenous history and historiography. Arista was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi and she graduated from the Kamehameha Schools in 1986. She received both her BA (1992) and her MA (1998) in Hawaiian Religion from the Department of Religion at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. In 2010, she earned her PhD from the Department of History at Brandeis University.
Robert Allen Warrior (born 1963) is a scholar and Hall Distinguished Professor of American Literature and Culture at the University of Kansas. With Paul Chaat Smith, he co-authored Like a Hurricane: The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee. He is generally recognized, along with Craig Womack , as being one of the founders of American Indian literary nationalism. Warrior served as President of the American Studies Association from 2016 to 2017. He earned a bachelor’s degree in speech communication from Pepperdine University, a master’s degree in religion from Yale University, and a doctoral degree in systematic theology from Union Theological Seminary in New York City.
Jodi Byrd holds a master’s degree and Ph.D. (2002) in English literature from the University of Iowa. Her dissertation was Colonialism’s Cacophony: Natives and Arrivants at the Limits of Postcolonial Theory. Before moving to Cornell University, she taught at the University of Illinois Chicago, and before that she was an assistant professor of indigenous politics in the department of political science of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. She was formerly associated with the American Indian Studies Program at Illinois. She was president of the Association for the Study of American Indian Literatures for 2011–2012.
Henrietta Mann (Cheyenne, b. 1934) is a Native American academic and activist. She was one of the designers of the Native American studies programs at University of California, Berkeley, the University of Montana and Haskell Indian Nations University. In 2000 she became the first American Indian to hold the endowed chair of Native American studies at Montana State University and was honored with the Montana Governor’s Humanities Award. She retired in 2004 and became a special advisor to the president of Montana State University. In 1970, Mann completed her master’s degree in English literature...
Adam M. Gonzalez is a leading scientific researcher in exercise nutrition with a special focus on multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements as they relate to exercise performance and body composition. He is currently an associate professor in the Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology at Hofstra University. He holds a Ph.D. in Exercise Physiology from the University of Central Florida. In addition to his Ph.D, Dr. Gonzalez also earned a bachelor’s degree in Health and Exercise Science and a master’s in Health Science Education from The College of New Jersey. Dr. Gonzalez has seve...
Aliya Nazarbeyeva was born on February 3, 1980. and is the daughter of Nursultan Nazarbayev, who served as the first president of Kazakhstan. Educated through the International Relations Faculty at Richmond University in London and George Washington University in Washington, DC, Nazarbayeva graduated from Kazakh State Law Academy in 2001. She then pursued an MBA through Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Nazarbayeva is married to Dimash Dosanov and has four children. She is very active in environmental work and has founded two organizations. Nazarbayeva has served as a chairperson for the A...
Christopher Pexa specializes in 19th and 20th century Native American and U.S. literatures, Native American studies, and settler colonial studies, with an emphasis on questions of indigenous ethics, sovereignty, and nationalism. He completed his latest book with University of Minnesota Press, entitled Translated Nation: Rewriting the Dakota Oyate, that explores the ambivalent ways in which allotment-era Dakota authors played to white regimes of legibility while at the same time honoring tribal common sense and producing a contemporary Dakota nationhood. Pexa’s essays have appeared or are forthcoming in PMLA, Wíčazo Ša Review, SAIL, and MELUS.
Marsha Houston Stanback Dr. Marsha Huston is Associate Professor and Chair of Communication at Georgia State University. She earned a Bachelor of Arts from Emory College of Emory University and taught at Clark College in Atlanta Georgia from 1972 until 1976. She earned a Masters in Dramatic Art with a concentration on theater history and literature from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, then she began teaching at Western New England College in Springfield Massachusetts from 1977 until 1980. She became an Assistant Professor of Communications at the University of Southern Mississippi in 1982.
Kirk K. Durston (born 1954) is a Canadian scientist and philosopher, with undergraduate degrees in both physics and mechanical engineering, as well as a graduate degree in philosophy and a doctorate in biophysics from the University of Guelph. He has publications in journals of both science and philosophy. Currently, his primary, scientific focus is on the development of a k-modes computational method for analyzing large arrays of protein sequences to detect the most critical interdependencies within a protein sequence or structure. This is important for developing novel pharmaceuticals and medicines.
