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List of the most influential people in Philosophy,

#16401

Pieter Nicolaas van Eyck

1887 - 1954 (67 years)

Pieter Nicolaas/Nicolaus van Eyck He was born Pieter Nicolaas van Eijk and changed his name to van Eyck around 1907. He worked as a foreign correspondent for the Dutch newspaper NRC in Rome and London, but also a poet, critic, essayist and philosopher from the Netherlands. Awarded the Constantijn Huygens Prize in 1947.

#16402

Thomas A. Finlay

1848 - 1940 (92 years)

Thomas Aloysius Finlay, S.J. was an Irish Catholic priest, economist, philosopher and editor. Early life He was born on 6 July 1848 near Lanesborough, the son of William Finlay, an engineer, and his wife Maria Magan; the politician Thomas Finlay, named after him, was his nephew. His father, who died in 1864, was from Fifeshire, a Protestant convert to Catholicism; his mother was a Catholic from County Cavan.

#16403

James Jurin

1684 - 1750 (66 years)

James Jurin FRS FRCP was an English scientist and physician, particularly remembered for his early work in capillary action and in the epidemiology of smallpox vaccination. He was a staunch proponent of the work of Sir Isaac Newton and often used his gift for satire in Newton's defence.

#16404

Guido Bonatti

1210 - 1296 (86 years)

Guido Bonatti was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, who was the most celebrated astrologer of the 13th century. Bonatti was advisor of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Ezzelino da Romano III, Guido Novello da Polenta and Guido I da Montefeltro. He also served the communal governments of Florence, Siena and Forlì. His employers were all Ghibellines , who were in conflict with the Guelphs , and all were excommunicated at some time or another. Bonatti's astrological reputation was also criticised in Dante's Divine Comedy, where he is depicted as residing in hell as punishmen...

#16405

C. S. Wright

1887 - 1975 (88 years)

Sir Charles Seymour Wright , nicknamed Silas Wright after novelist Silas K. Hocking, was a Canadian member of Robert Falcon Scott's Antarctic expedition of 1910–1913, the Terra Nova Expedition. Background Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1887, the son of an insurance executive, Wright grew up in the Toronto neighbourhood of Rosedale. He was educated at Upper Canada College where he also became head boy. He wore glasses, excelled in sports, and his spirit of adventure saw him spend some of his youth prospecting and canoeing in Canada's unmapped Far North. He studied physics at the Universit...

#16406

William Gilham

1818 - 1872 (54 years)

William Henry Gilham was an American soldier, teacher, chemist, and author. A member of the faculty at Virginia Military Institute, in 1860, he wrote a military manual which was still in modern use 145 years later. He served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, and became president of Southern Fertilizing Company in Richmond after the War.

#16407

Felice Fontana

1730 - 1805 (75 years)

Abbé Gasparo Ferdinando Felice Fontana was an Italian polymath who contributed to experimental studies in physiology, toxicology, and physics. As a physicist he discovered the water gas shift reaction in 1780. He investigated the human eye and has also been credited with discovering the nucleolus of a cell. His work on the venom of vipers was among the earliest experimental toxicological studies. He served as a court physicist for Peter Leopold, Duke of Tuscany and taught at the University of Pisa. He was involved in the establishment of the La Specola museum in Florence.

#16408

Donald MacAlister

Donald MacAlister

1854 - 1934 (80 years)

Sir Donald MacAlister, 1st Baronet of Tarbet was a Scottish physician who was Principal and Vice-Chancellor and, later, Chancellor of the University of Glasgow. He was a member of the Cambridge Apostles intellectual secret society, from 1876. From 1904 to 1931 he was President of the General Medical Council.

#16409

August Christian Niemann

1761 - 1832 (71 years)

August Christian Niemann was a German forestry engineer and political economist. He is known as a composer and collector of student songs. Born in Altona, he studied law in Jena and Kiel. Serving as Hofmeister for a fellow student of noble background, he moved to the University of Göttingen in 1782. He returned to Kiel in 1783, where he received his PhD, and lectured on statistics and political science from 1785.

#16410

Elizabeth Bass

1876 - 1956 (80 years)

Mary Elizabeth Bass was an American physician, educator and suffragist. She was the first of two women to become faculty members at the medical school of Tulane University along with Edith Ballard. Bass worked to promote the efforts of women as physicians. She worked at Tulane for thirty years.

#16411

Adam of Balsham

1100 - 1181 (81 years)

Adam of Balsham was an Anglo-Norman scholastic and churchman. Life Adam was born in Balsham, near Cambridge, England. He studied with Peter Lombard at the University of Paris. He later taught at Paris; among his pupils were John of Salisbury and William of Tyre and might have been a contemporary there of Rainald of Dassel . Gabriel Nuchelmans surmises that he may have been the first person to introduce the term enuntiabile, which came to be used in the same sense as dictum.

#16412

Gerard ter Borch

Gerard ter Borch

1617 - 1681 (64 years)

Gerard ter Borch , also known as Gerard Terburg , was a Dutch genre painter who lived in the Dutch Golden Age. He influenced fellow Dutch painters Gabriel Metsu, Gerrit Dou, Eglon van der Neer and Johannes Vermeer. According to Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., Ter Borch "established a new framework for subject matter, taking people into the sanctum of the home", showing the figures' uncertainties and expertly hinting at their inner lives. His influence as a painter, however, was later surpassed by Vermeer.

#16413

Adriano Tilgher

Adriano Tilgher

1887 - 1941 (54 years)

Adriano Tilgher was an Italian philosopher and essayist. Biography Tilgher was born in Resina . After studying law, he dedicated himself to journalism and essay writing. He was a theatre critic for various daily Roman newspapers between 1915 and 1925, proving himself a sharp interpreter of dramatic texts. He is known for his view of the theatre of Luigi Pirandello, which he interpreted as an expression of the contrast between Life and Form , a view Pirandello adopted as his own.

#16414

Jaap Kunst

1891 - 1960 (69 years)

Jaap Kunst was a Dutch musicologist. He is credited with coining the term "ethnomusicology" as a more accurate name for the field then known as comparative musicology. Kunst studied the folk music of the Netherlands and of Indonesia. His published work totals more than 70 texts.

#16415

Theodor Schwarz

1777 - 1850 (73 years)

Theodor Schwarz was a German Lutheran clergyman and writer. He published novels under the pseudonym Theodor Melas. He was the son of provost Georg Theodor Schwarz. From 1798 he studied at the University of Jena, where he attended lectures given by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Johann Jakob Griesbach and Friedrich Schiller. In 1800 he traveled with painter Jakob Wilhelm Roux to Saxon Switzerland and to Dresden, where he met with Caspar David Friedrich. In 1801 he returned to Rügen and assisted his father at the parish. Afterwards, he worked for several years as a ...

#16416

Alexander Hamilton

1739 - 1802 (63 years)

Alexander Hamilton FRSE FRCSE FRCPE was a Scottish physician. He was a co-founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783. He was one of the first persons to recognise that puerperal fever was infectious. He was professor of midwifery at the University of Edinburgh.

#16417

Rudolf Wiegmann

1804 - 1865 (61 years)

Heinrich Ernst Gottfried Rudolf Wiegmann was a German painter, archaeologist, art historian, graphic artist and architect. He worked in the Classical style and, as a painter, is best known for his vedute. His wife, Marie Wiegmann, whom he married in 1841, was also a painter of some note.

#16418

David Guest

1911 - 1938 (27 years)

David Guest was a British mathematician and philosopher who volunteered to fight for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War and was killed in Spain in 1938. He was the uncle of American-British musician, actor and director Christopher Guest.

#16419

Jean de Silhon

1596 - 1667 (71 years)

Jean de Silhon was a French philosopher and politician. He was a founding member, and the first to occupy seat 24 of the Académie française in 1634. At Cardinal Richelieu's prompting, he defended the concept of reason of state, arguing that the political necessities under which the State operates mean that it need not always follow normal laws of ethics, such as telling the truth. Reason of state was thus, he said, "a mean between that which conscience permits and affairs require."

#16420

Emil Hammacher

1885 - 1916 (31 years)

Emil Hammacher was a German philosopher, proponent of objective idealism and mystic, doctor of Philosophy and Law, professor of philosophy at the University of Bonn. He studied in Geneva, Heidelberg, Berlin and Bonn. Hammacher borrowed the basic tenets of objective idealism from Hegel. He rejected dialectics and developed the mystical doctrine of "ethical self-awareness of the spirit" as "the supreme and fundamental value." In his work directed against Marxism, Hammacher holds the idea that the socialization of the means of production and materialism are contrary to the laws of morality.

#16421

Andrew McNaughton

Andrew McNaughton

1887 - 1966 (79 years)

General Andrew George Latta McNaughton was a Canadian electrical engineer, scientist, army officer, cabinet minister, and diplomat. Early life McNaughton was born in Moosomin, District of Assiniboia, North-West Territories , on 25 February 1887. Both of McNaughton's parents were immigrants from Scotland, and his youth was a happy one, being brought up by an adventuresome father who had once been a trader in buffalo hides and a kindly, loving mother. His upbringing on a farm instilled in him a life-long love of hard work and self-discipline. McNaughton spent his free time riding horses across the vast expanses of the Prairies while also engaging in hunting and fishing.

#16422

E. I. Watkin

1888 - 1981 (93 years)

Edward Ingram Watkin was an English Catholic philosopher, pacifist and writer. Life He studied at St Paul's School, London and New College, Oxford. In 1908, Watkin became a convert to Catholicism. He publicly opposed conscription in 1916, a position he upheld in his 1939 pamphlet The Crime of Conscription.

#16423

Petrus Martinez de Osma

1427 - 1480 (53 years)

Petrus Martinez de Osma was a Spanish theologian and philosopher, known for his views on indulgences, which he retracted at the end of his life. Life He graduated M.A. at the University of Salamanca in 1457. He was professor of theology there from 1463. A follower of Alonso el Madrigal , from 1476 he defended theses on indulgences and confession resembling those of John Wyclif and Jan Hus, and anticipating issues from the Protestant Reformation. Among his pupils was Antonio de Nebrija.

#16424

Muretus

1526 - 1585 (59 years)

Muretus is the Latinized name of Marc Antoine Muret , a French humanist who was among the revivers of a Ciceronian Latin style and is among the usual candidates for the best Latin prose stylist of the Renaissance.

#16425

William George MacCallum

William George MacCallum

1874 - 1944 (70 years)

William George MacCallum was a Canadian-American physician and pathologist. He was of Scottish descent and was born in Dunnville village in Canada, where his father was a physician. He was educated at the University of Toronto. He graduated with BA in 1894. Initially inclined towards Greeks as academic career, his father influenced him to enter medicine. He joined the second year of the first batch of medicine course in the Johns Hopkins Medical School, and became one of the first graduates of the institute in 1897. He was appointed assistant resident of pathology of the medical school in 1897, resident pathologist in 1901, soon after Associate Professor, and full Professor in 1908.

#16426

Giovanni Bianchi

Giovanni Bianchi

1693 - 1775 (82 years)

Giovanni Bianchi , also known as Jano Planco, was an Italian physician, anatomist, archaeologist, zoologist and intellectual. He wrote numerous medical texts and De Conchis minus notis liber , a work on Foraminifera, and maintained a cabinet of curiosities.

#16427

Hieronymus Fabricius

Hieronymus Fabricius

1533 - 1619 (86 years)

Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente, also known as Girolamo Fabrizio or Hieronymus Fabricius , was a pioneering anatomist and surgeon known in medical science as "The Father of Embryology." Life and accomplishments Born in Acquapendente, Latium, Fabricius studied at the University of Padua, receiving a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1559 under the guidance of Gabriele Falloppio. He was a private teacher of anatomy in Padua, 1562–1565, and in 1565, became professor of surgery and anatomy at the university, succeeding Falloppio.

#16428

Grant Lewi

1902 - 1951 (49 years)

William Grant Lewi II was an American astrologer and author. Best known for his books Astrology for the Millions and Heaven Knows What, Lewi has been described as the father of modern astrology in America.

#16429

Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn

1735 - 1813 (78 years)

Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn was a philosopher and canonist . Biography Zallinger studied at Innsbruck and Munich, and entered the Jesuit order at Landsberg am Lech on 9 October 1753. He taught philosophy at Munich from 1758 to 1761, before going to Ingolstadt to study theology. Zallinger was ordained priest on 1 June 1765.

#16430

Francis Hutcheson

1721 - 1784 (63 years)

Francis Hutcheson was an Irish violinist, composer, physician and lecturer in chemistry. His surname was often misspelled as "Hutchinson". He published his music under the pseudonym "Francis Ireland".

#16431

Hans Curschmann

Hans Curschmann

1875 - 1950 (75 years)

Hans Heinrich Curschmann was a German physician and neurologist remembered for Curschmann-Batten-Steinert syndrome. He attended universities in Freiberg, Leipzig and Munich, earning his doctorate in 1900. From 1900 to 1907 he worked in Leipzig, Heidelberg, Berlin and Tübingen, and from 1907 to 1916 he was the senior physician at the city hospital in Mainz. In 1916 he became director of the medical clinic of Rostock, becoming professor in 1921.

#16432

Eliza Haywood

1693 - 1756 (63 years)

Eliza Haywood , born Elizabeth Fowler, was an English writer, actress and publisher. An increase in interest and recognition of Haywood's literary works began in the 1980s. Described as "prolific even by the standards of a prolific age", Haywood wrote and published over 70 works in her lifetime, including fiction, drama, translations, poetry, conduct literature and periodicals. Haywood today is studied primarily as one of the 18th-century founders of the novel in English.

#16433

Ole Worm

1588 - 1654 (66 years)

Ole Worm , who often went by the Latinized form of his name Olaus Wormius, was a Danish physician, natural historian and antiquary. He was a professor at the University of Copenhagen where he taught Greek, Latin, physics and medicine.

#16434

Grace C. Bibb

1842 - 1912 (70 years)

Grace C. Bibb was a feminist and philosopher. She was part of the push for equality between the sexes, as well as an advocate for women's rights, access to higher education, expansion in employment opportunities, a right to equal pay, and a woman's right to vote. She was appointed Dean at the Normal school despite the fact that women were not at that time allowed to attend the College. In her position at the Normal school, Bibb pushed that women be allowed into the College of Education. She later pushed for women to be allowed into all other University departments.

#16435

Henry David Aiken

1912 - 1982 (70 years)

Henry David Aiken was an American professor of philosophy. Life and career Born July 3, 1912, Henry David Aiken was raised in Portland, Oregon. After graduating from Reed College in the same city in 1934, he continued onto Stanford University and Harvard University, where he received his master's and Ph.D. , respectively, in philosophy.

#16436

Fausto Cardoso

1864 - 1906 (42 years)

Fausto de Aguiar Cardoso was a Brazilian lawyer, poet, philosopher, and politician from the state of Sergipe. He was born in a rural part of the state Sergipe, and studied at the Faculty of Law of Recife in Pernambuco. He was elected to political office in 1900, and came into dispute with Olímpio Campos in Rio de Janeiro, the seat of the First Brazilian Republic. Cardoso returned to Sergipe in 1906 and led a revolt against the state government. He was assassinated in 1906 by federal troops summoned to the state by Olímpio Campos. Cardoso's sons, in turn, avenged their father's death and murde...

#16437

John Brown

1800 - 1859 (59 years)

John Brown was a prominent leader in the American abolitionist movement in the decades preceding the Civil War. First reaching national prominence in the 1850s for his radical abolitionism and fighting in Bleeding Kansas, Brown was captured, tried, and executed by the Commonwealth of Virginia for a raid and incitement of a slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry in 1859.

#16438

Edward Wotton

1492 - 1555 (63 years)

Edward Wotton was an English physician, born in Oxford, credited with starting the modern study of zoology, by separating out much of the fanciful and folkloric additions that had been added over time to the body of zoological knowledge.

#16439

Aslam Jairajpuri

Aslam Jairajpuri

1882 - 1955 (73 years)

Aslam Jairajpuri was a scholar of Qur'an, Hadith, and Islamic history who is best known for his books Talimat-e-Qur'an and "History of Qur'an. He was Distinguished Professor of Arabic and Persian at Aligarh Muslim University and Jamia Millia Islamia. He was born on 27 January 1882 in Jairajpur, Azamgarh, in Uttar Pradesh, India, and died on 28 December 1955 in Delhi.

#16440

Stefano Infessura

1436 - 1500 (64 years)

Stefano Infessura was an Italian humanist historian and lawyer. He is remembered through his municipalist Diary of the City of Rome, a partisan chronicle of events at Rome by the Colonna family's point of view. He was in a position to hear everything that circulated in informed Roman circles, for he was the longtime secretary of the Roman Senate. Anecdotes that Infessura relates may be colored by his own partisan nature, but his diary faithfully records news that was making the rounds in the city, whether true or not; "he inserted every fragment of the most preposterous and malevolent gossip ...

#16441

Ludwig Nohl

1831 - 1885 (54 years)

Ludwig Nohl was a German music scholar and writer best known for discovering and publishing Beethoven's famous bagatelle, "Für Elise". Life After graduation from the Gymnasium in Duisburg, Nohl studied jurisprudence at the universities in Bonn, Heidelberg, and Berlin, where he received instruction in music from Siegfried Dehn and Friedrich Kiel. From 1853 to 1856 he was a referendary and undertook journeys to France and Italy, and he also taught music in Heidelberg. In 1860 he wrote his thesis on Mozart and earned the rank of privatdozent for "History and Aesthetic of Musical Art."

#16442

Peder Severin Krøyer

Peder Severin Krøyer

1851 - 1909 (58 years)

Peder Severin Krøyer , also known as P. S. Krøyer, was a Danish painter. Life Growing up and early training Krøyer was born in Stavanger, Norway, on 23 July 1851 to Ellen Cecilie Gjesdal. He was raised by Gjesdal's sister, Bertha Cecilie and brother-in-law, the Danish zoologist Henrik Nikolai Krøyer, after his mother was judged unfit to care for him. Krøyer moved to Copenhagen to live with his foster parents soon afterward. Having begun his art education at the age of nine under private tutelage, he was enrolled in Copenhagen's Technical Institute the following year.

#16443

Christopher Wren

#16444

Thomas James

1573 - 1629 (56 years)

Thomas James was an English librarian and Anglican clergyman, the first librarian of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Life He was born about 1573 at Newport, Isle of Wight. In 1586 he was admitted a scholar of Winchester College and matriculated at New College, Oxford on 28 January 1592. He then graduated B.A. on 3 May 1595, M.A. on 5 February 1599, and B.D. and D.D. on 16 May 1614.

#16445

Martinus Smiglecius

1563 - 1618 (55 years)

Martinus Smiglecius was a Polish Jesuit philosopher and logician, known for his erudite scholastic Logica. Life He was born on 11 November 1564 in Lwów in the Kingdom of Poland . He used the surname Lwowczyk, or Leopolitanus, and later adopted the name Smiglecius . He attended the Jesuit school in Pułtusk and until 1586 studied in Rome, where he joined the Jesuit order in 1581. His education was financed by the prominent Polish statesman Jan Zamojski. He obtained a master's degree in philosophy and a doctor's degree in theology at the Academy of Vilnius, and taught philosophy and theology th...

#16446

Abu Sayeed Ayyub

1906 - 1982 (76 years)

Abu Sayeed Ayyub was an Indian philosopher, teacher, literary critic and writer in both Bengali and English. Though born into a traditional, Urdu-speaking, Muslim family in Calcutta , he was so deeply captivated in his early teenage by the poems of the Indian Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore that he taught himself Bengali so as to appreciate Tagore better. Later, when he started to write, it was mostly in his adopted language, Bengali. During the initial part of his writing career, Ayyub wrote on aesthetics, religion and socialism. However, it was his philosophical and scientific analysis ...

#16447

Joseph Warren

1741 - 1775 (34 years)

Joseph Warren , a Founding Father of the United States, was an American physician who was one of the most important figures in the Patriot movement in Boston during the early days of the American Revolution, eventually serving as President of the revolutionary Massachusetts Provincial Congress. Warren enlisted Paul Revere and William Dawes on April 18, 1775, to leave Boston and spread the alarm that the British garrison in Boston was setting out to raid the town of Concord and arrest rebel leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Warren participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord the fo...

#16448

Varaztad Kazanjian

Varaztad Kazanjian

1879 - 1974 (95 years)

Varaztad H. Kazanjian was an Armenian American oral surgeon who pioneered techniques for plastic surgery and is considered to be the founder of the modern practice of plastic surgery. He graduated from Harvard School of Dental Medicine in 1905. He served as professor of oral surgery from 1922 to 1939 and he was the first to hold the title of Professor of plastic surgery at Harvard Medical School. He also co-authored the first concise book on plastic surgery.

#16449

John of Reading

1250 - 1346 (96 years)

John of Reading was an English Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher. He was an early opponent of William of Ockham, and a follower of Duns Scotus. He wrote a commentary on the Sentences around 1320, at the University of Oxford. He argued for the unity of science.

#16450

J. R. Illingworth

1848 - 1915 (67 years)

John Richardson Illingworth was an English Anglican priest, philosopher, and theologian. He was a notable member of the set of liberal Anglo-Catholic theologians based in Oxford, and he contributed two chapters to the influential Lux Mundi.

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