The Most Influential People Across History
Find the most influential people in 24 academic disciplines and numerous subdisciplines
Find famous and important people related to your research. This is an excellent tool for research papers, topic papers, and building a bibliography. Using our influence-based algorithm, our rankings synthesize data from Wikipedia, Wikidata, Semantic Scholar, and CrossRef.
Students and researchers now have a fast and reliable way to find influential thinkers from 24 disciplines and 300 sub-disciplines (and growing). If you want to find history’s most influential philsosophers, or the world’s most influential mathematicians currently, now you can.
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List of the most influential people in Philosophy,
#14251
Anthimos Gazis
1764 - 1828 (64 years)
Anthimos Gazis or Gazes was a Greek scholar, revolutionary and politician. He was born in Milies in Ottoman Greece in 1758 into a family of modest means. In 1774 he became an Eastern Orthodox deacon; his career later brought him to Constantinople where he was promoted to archimandrite. He left for Vienna in 1789, where he preached at the Church of Saint George, while simultaneously pursuing his academic interests. His efforts to promote education in Greece through the Filomousos Eteria, translation work and contributions to the first Greek philological periodical, Hermes o Logios, played a s...
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Louis de Beausobre
1730 - 1783 (53 years)
Louis Isaac de Beausobre was a German philosopher and political economist of French Huguenot descent. He was born in Berlin, the son of the French Protestant churchman and ecclesiastical historian Isaac de Beausobre and his second wife, Charlotte Schwarz. He is not to be confused with his elder half-brother, the pastor and theologian Charles Louis de Beausobre .
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Emil Theodor Kocher
1841 - 1917 (76 years)
Emil Theodor Kocher was a Swiss physician and medical researcher who received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid. Among his many accomplishments are the introduction and promotion of aseptic surgery and scientific methods in surgery, specifically reducing the mortality of thyroidectomies below 1% in his operations.
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Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre
1842 - 1909 (67 years)
Joseph Alexandre Saint-Yves, Marquis d’Alveydre was a French occultist who adapted the works of Fabre d'Olivet and, in turn, had his ideas adapted by Gérard Encausse alias Papus. His work on "L'Archéomètre" deeply influenced the young René Guénon. He developed the term Synarchy—the association of everyone with everyone else—into a political philosophy, and his ideas about this type of government proved influential in politics and the occult.
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Jaroslav Hašek
1883 - 1923 (40 years)
Jaroslav Hašek was a Czech writer, humorist, satirist, journalist, bohemian, first anarchist and then communist, and commissar of the Red Army against the Czechoslovak Legion. He is best known for his novel The Fate of the Good Soldier Švejk during the World War, an unfinished collection of farcical incidents about a soldier in World War I and a satire on the ineptitude of authority figures. The novel has been translated into about 60 languages, making it the most translated novel in Czech literature.
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William Cowper
1666 - 1709 (43 years)
William Cowper was an English surgeon and anatomist, famous for his early description of what is now known as Cowper's gland. Cowper was born in Petersfield, Hampshire, and he was apprenticed to a London surgeon, William Bignall, in March 1682. He was admitted to the Company of Barber-Surgeons in 1691 and began practising in London the same year. In 1694, he published his noted work, Myotomia Reformata, or a New Administration of the Muscles, and he was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1696. In 1698, he published The Anatomy of the Humane Bodies, which gained him great fame and notor...
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Yokoi Yayū
1702 - 1783 (81 years)
Yokoi Yayū was a Japanese samurai best known for his haibun, a scholar of Kokugaku, and haikai poet. He was born Yokoi Tokitsura, and took the pseudonym Tatsunojō. His family are believed to be descendants of Hōjō Tokiyuki.
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Albert Edwin Avey
1886 - 1963 (77 years)
Albert Edwin Avey was an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at Ohio State University. He is known for his works on conceptual cognition and the philosophy of religion. Books Handbook in the history of philosophy.
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Ezra Abbot
1819 - 1884 (65 years)
Ezra Abbot was an American biblical scholar. Life and writings Abbot was born at Jackson, Maine, April 28, 1819; son of Ezra and Phebe Abbot. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and graduated from Bowdoin College in 1840. In 1847, at the request of Andrews Norton, he went to Cambridge, Massachusetts where he was principal of a public school until 1856. He was assistant librarian of Harvard University from 1856 to 1872, and planned and perfected an alphabetical card catalog, combining many of the advantages of the ordinary dictionary catalogs with the grouping of the minor topics under more general heads, which is characteristic of a systematic catalogue.
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Jerome Daugherty
1849 - 1914 (65 years)
Jerome Daugherty was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who served in many different capacities at Jesuit institutions throughout the northeast United States, eventually becoming president of Georgetown University in 1901. Born in Baltimore, he was educated at Loyola College in Maryland, before entering the Society of Jesus and becoming a member of the first class at Woodstock College. He then taught various subjects, including mathematics, Latin, Ancient Greek, rhetoric, and the humanities in Massachusetts, New York City, and Washington, D.C., and served as minister at many of the insti...
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Theodore K. Lawless
1892 - 1971 (79 years)
Theodore Kenneth Lawless was an American dermatologist, medical researcher, and philanthropist. He was a skin specialist, and is known for work related to leprosy and syphilis. Lawless was also involved in various charitable causes, including Jewish causes. Related to the latter, he created the Lawless Department of Dermatology in Beilinson Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel. He received his M.D. degree from Northwestern University Medical School, and was a self-made millionaire. In 1954, he won the NAACP Spingarn Medal, presented annually to an African American of distinguished achievement.
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Lockhart Muirhead
1765 - 1829 (64 years)
Lockhart Muirhead was a Scottish librarian, museum-keeper and academic. He was Regius Professor of Zoology at Glasgow University, from 1807. Life Muirhead travelled in Europe shortly before the French Revolution, and subsequently wrote on both French and Italian topics. He contributed to the Monthly Review and Edinburgh Review. He was librarian of Glasgow University in the period 1795 to 1823.
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Mitrofan Lodyzhensky
1852 - 1917 (65 years)
Mitrofan Vasilyevich Lodyzhensky was a Russian religious philosopher, playwright, and statesman, best known for his Mystical Trilogy comprising Super-consciousness and the Ways to Achieve It, Light Invisible, and Dark Force.
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Conrad Brunner
1859 - 1927 (68 years)
Conrad Brunner was a Swiss physician, surgeon and medical historian. He was particularly concerned with the disinfection of wounds and their healing. Brunner came from a family of Swiss physicians and pharmacists, among whom was Johann Conrad Brunner. His father, John Brunner, was a physician and botanist. Brunner received medical degrees from the University of Zurich and the University of Leipzig, and went on to receive an advanced academic degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1885. He then completed his practical surgeon training studying under Rudolf Ulrich Krönlein. Beginning in 1888 he took a...
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Eugène Rambert
1830 - 1886 (56 years)
Eugène Rambert , was a Swiss author and poet. Life He was born at Sâles near Swiss Clarens, the eldest son of a Vaudois schoolmaster, from whom he received his education. When in 1845 his father lost his post owing to the religious disputes, Rambert became a teacher in Paris, and later a tutor in England and at Geneva. When the family's fortunes improved, Rambert was able to pursue his studies for the ministry, but he was more attracted by literature, and in 1855 became professor of French literature at the academy of Lausanne, and in 1860 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich...
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Hadrianus Junius
1511 - 1575 (64 years)
Hadrianus Junius , also known as Adriaen de Jonghe, was a Dutch physician, classical scholar, translator, lexicographer, antiquarian, historiographer, emblematist, school rector, and Latin poet. He is not to be confused with several namesakes . He was not related to Franciscus Junius.
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Richard Bithell
1821 - 1902 (81 years)
Richard Bithell was an English agnostic philosopher and writer. Bithell was born at Lewes, Sussex on 22 March 1821. When he was 11, he worked at his father's smithy in Lewes. Due to ill health he later took up teaching. He took courses at the Borough Road Training College to become a teacher of chemistry and mathematics. In 1843, he was appointed master of the British School in Chesterfield. He was transferred to Brighton, Wolverton and London.
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Lo Hsiang-lin
1906 - 1978 (72 years)
Lo Hsiang-lin was one of the most renowned researchers in Hakka language and culture. His pioneering research in Hakka genealogy showed that the Hakka are Han Chinese. Background Lo Hsiang-lin was born in Xingning, Guangdong in 1906 and died in 1978. He attended Xingmin middle school, Tsinghua University, and Yenching University. From 1956–1968 he was a professor in Hong Kong University's Chinese department. In 1969, he became the first director of the Research Institute of Chinese Literature and History, Chu Hai College.
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Godfrey Edward Arnold
1914 - 1989 (75 years)
Godfrey Edward Arnold, born as Gottfried Eduard Arnold , was an Austrian American professor of medicine and researcher. His studies centered on speech, speech disorder and clinical communicology. Early life Arnold was a son of Anton Arnold, tenor at the Vienna Court Opera, and attended the Theresian Academy in Vienna. He completed his studies at the University of Vienna and at the State Academy of Music and Performing Arts. Several internships with Hermann Gutzmann jun. in Berlin deepened his phoniatric knowledge. His case studies at the Voice and Speech Ambulance of the Vienna Ear Clinic a...
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Henry James Richter
1772 - 1857 (85 years)
Henry James Richter , artist and philosopher, was born in Middlesex, possibly at 40 Great Newport Street, Soho, on 8 March 1772 and baptised at St Anne's Church, Soho, on 5 April at that same year. Family Henry James was the second son of John Augustus Richter and Mary Haig. John was originally from Dresden, Germany and was an artist, engraver, and scagliolist, well known for his works in imitation of marble. John Augustus Richter was a partner with Domenico Bartoli another scagliolist in London beginning in 1767 and continuing through the 1777 or 1778. Bartoli emigrated from the port city of Livorn, Italy and, after working for almost 10 years with Richter, moved on to Ireland.
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Josef Rufer
1893 - 1985 (92 years)
Josef Rufer was an Austrian-born musicologist. He is regarded as a significant figure mainly on account of his association with and writings on Arnold Schoenberg. Rufer was a pupil of Alexander von Zemlinsky and Schoenberg in Vienna; when the latter composer moved to Berlin to direct the Masterclass in Composition at the Prussian Academy of Arts, Rufer went with him and operated as his Chief Assistant between 1925 and 1933.
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Eduard von Gebhardt
1838 - 1925 (87 years)
Franz Karl Eduard von Gebhardt was a Baltic German painter of portraits and historical scenes, and a professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. Biography He was born to Ferdinand Theodor von Gebhardt , Provost and member of the Consistorial Council in Reval, and his wife, Wilhelmine, née Von Glehn . He graduated from the local gymnasium at sixteen, and enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg, where he studied for three years.
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Wilhelm von Henke
1834 - 1896 (62 years)
Philipp Jakob Wilhelm von Henke was a German anatomist. Early life On 19 June 1834, Henke was born. Henke's father was Ernst Ludwig Theodor Henke , a historian. Education Henke studied at the universities of Marburg, Göttingen and Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1857 at Marburg.
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Gentile da Foligno
1280 - 1348 (68 years)
Gentile Gentili da Foligno was an Italian professor and doctor of medicine, trained at Padua and the University of Bologna, and teaching probably first at Bologna, then at the University of Perugia, Siena , where his annual stipend was 60 gold florins; he was called to Padua by Ubertino I da Carrara, Lord of Padua, then returned to Perugia for the remainder of his career. He was among the first European physicians to perform a dissection on a human being , a practice that had long been taboo in Roman times. Gentile wrote several widely copied and read texts and commentaries, notably his mass...
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John Templeton Bowen
1857 - 1940 (83 years)
John Templeton Bowen was an American dermatologist. He was a professor of dermatology at Massachusetts General Hospital. Bowen obtained his doctoral degree in medical sciences from the Harvard University in 1884. From 1884 to 1887, he pursued postgraduate studies in Berlin, Munich, and Vienna. He joined Massachusetts General Hospital in 1889 as an assistant in the skin diseases department.
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Otto Riemer
1902 - 1977 (75 years)
Otto Moritz Martin Riemer was a German music historian and music critic. Life Riemer was born in near Magdeburg, the son of a pastor. After attending the , he studied musicology, education and philosophy at the universities of Marburg, Leipzig and Halle. He listened to Hermann Stephani, Nicolai Hartmann, Heinz Heimsoeth, Hermann Abert, Friedrich Blume, Felix Krueger, Hans Joachim Moser, , Theodor Ziehen and Ottomar Wichmann, among others. From 1924 to 1926, he studied at the Leipzig Conservatory, where Carl Adolf Martienssen and Fritz Reuter were among his teachers. In Halle, he took singing lessons with Hans Klemann.
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Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
1820 - 1891 (71 years)
Ishwar Chandra Bandyopadhyay CIE, popularly known as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar He was the most prominent campaigner for Hindu widow remarriage, petitioning the Legislative Council despite severe opposition, including a counter petition which had nearly four times as many signatures. Even though widow remarriage was considered a flagrant breach of Hindu customs and was staunchly opposed, Lord Dalhousie personally finalised the bill and the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 was passed. Against child marriage, efforts of Vidyasagar led to Age of Consent Act, 1891. In which the minimum age of ...
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Leonardo Garzoni
1543 - 1592 (49 years)
Leonardo Garzoni was a Jesuit natural philosopher. Life The little data we have about Garzoni's life are the brief notices registered on official documents of the Society of Jesus. From these sources we know that Garzoni was born into a patrician family and that he began his philosophical studies before 1565. About 1566 he joined a congregation near to the Jesuits’ College in Brescia and entered the Society of Jesus in 1567 or 1568. In 1568 he lectured in logic in Parma and in 1573 he was a third–year student in theology in Padua. On 9 June 1579 he took his four vows in Brescia and from 1579 he lived, as a confessor, in Venice.
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Julius Dreschfeld
1845 - 1907 (62 years)
Julius Dreschfeld FRCP was a leading British physician and pathologist. Life Julius Dreschfeld was born as the youngest of ten siblings on 13 October 1845 at Niederwerrn, in the Schweinfurt district of Bavaria. His parents, Samuel and Giedel, were well-off, well-respected Orthodox Jewish people who derived their livelihood from merchanting.
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Yamagiwa Katsusaburō
1863 - 1930 (67 years)
was a Japanese pathologist who carried out pioneering work into the causes of cancer. He was the first to prove chemical carcinogenesis. He was the Nobel Prize nominee in 7 nominations. Life Yamagiwa was born in Ueda, Nagano, the third son of the feudal retainer of the Ueda Domain in Shinano Province. He became the adopted son-in-law of Yoshiya Yamagiwa, a physician in Katsuya, Tokyo, and took the surname Yamagiwa. He completed his MD in 1888 from Imperial University of Tokyo. He was appointed as a professor at the Medical School, Imperial University of Tokyo and published his landmark work, ...
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Antonín Jan Jungmann
1775 - 1854 (79 years)
Antonín Jan Jungmann, sometimes referred to as was a Czech obstetrician and educator born in Hudlice, Beroun District. He was a younger brother to linguist Josef Jungmann . In 1811 he was appointed professor of obstetrics to the medical faculty at Prague, and in 1838 he became university rector. He gave lectures in German and Czech, and collaborated with his brother on the latter's linguistic projects. He remained at the University of Prague until his retirement in 1850.
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Hans Olde
1855 - 1917 (62 years)
Johannes Wilhelm Olde was a German painter and art school administrator. Life He originally planned to follow family tradition and become a farmer but, over his father's strong objections, went to study with Ludwig von Löfftz at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich in 1879. He and his friend, the sculptor Adolf Brütt, moved to Italy in 1883. Three years later, however, he decided to attend the Académie Julian in Paris, where he exhibited at the Salon and discovered impressionism. Upon his return to Germany, he was one of the founders of the Munich Secession and, in 1894, helped to create the Schleswig-Holstein Art Appreciation Society.
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Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
970 - 1066 (96 years)
Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani was a prominent philosopher and scholar from the Muslim al-Andalus. A student of Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti, he was a Neoplatonic advocate, and seen as an influence on Ibn 'Arabi, but he also wrote extensively on geometry and logic. His exact date of death is not known as he fled to Morocco in the twelfth century. It is possible that it was he who returned to al-Andalus with the Epistles of the Brethren of Purity.
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Reuben D. Mussey
1780 - 1866 (86 years)
Reuben Dimond Mussey, Sr. was an American physician, surgeon, vegetarian and an early opponent of tobacco. He was the fourth president of the American Medical Association. Biography Mussey was born on June 23, 1780, in Rockingham County, New Hampshire. He was of French Huguenot descent, and his father, John Mussey, was also a medical doctor. Mussey studied at Dartmouth College and then learned medicine under Nathan Smith. He began the practice of medicine in Essex County, Massachusetts. However, he then went to the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine where he did further medical studies, graduating M.D.
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Carl Christian Vogel von Vogelstein
1788 - 1868 (80 years)
Carl Christian Vogel von Vogelstein , born Vogel, was a German painter. Life Son of the child and portrait painter Christian Leberecht Vogel, Vogel was trained early in life by his father. From 1804 he visited the Kunstakademie in Dresden, where he copied many paintings in the Gemäldegalerie and also produced the first of his own portraits.
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Johannes Magirus
1560 - 1596 (36 years)
Johannes Magirus was a German physician and natural philosopher. He was born at Fritzlar about 1560; his background was Lutheran. He studied at the University of Padua, and took a medical degree at the University of Marburg in 1585.
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Alfred Pribram
1841 - 1912 (71 years)
Alfred Pribram was an internist born in Prague, Austrian Empire. He was a brother of chemist Richard Pribram . His son was the internist Hugo Pribram . Biography He studied medicine at the University of Prague, earning his doctorate as a general practitioner in 1861 and as a surgeon during the following year. From 1867 to 1871 he worked as an assistant to Anton von Jaksch at the second medical clinic in Prague. In 1871 he received his habilitation, and in 1887 was appointed full professor of special pathology and therapy at the University of Prague. Among his better known students was physi...
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Joseph von Lindwurm
1824 - 1874 (50 years)
Joseph von Lindwurm , was a German physician and dermatologist born in Aschaffenburg. He studied medicine in Würzburg and Heidelberg, obtaining his medical doctorate in 1849. Afterwards, he worked as an assistant in the medical clinic at Würzburg, then furthered his education in Vienna and Paris. In Paris, he demonstrated through inoculation experiments that secondary syphilis was as contagious as primary syphilis. In 1853 he became privat-docent at Munich, followed by an associate professorship several years later . In 1863 he was appointed a full professor of dermatology and venereal disease...
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Alberto Sols
1917 - 1989 (72 years)
Alberto Sols García was a researcher specializing in biochemistry, working especially on hexokinases. He effectively created biochemistry as a major discipline in Spain. Life Alberto Sols was born in Sax, Alicante, on 2 February 1917, the son of Pedro Sols Lluch. He died in Denia, Alicante, on 10 August 1989. The house of his birth is now the Centro de Estudios y Archivo Histórico Municipal Alberto Sols.
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Mark Fax
1911 - 1974 (63 years)
Mark Oakland Fax was an American composer and a professor of music. Child prodigy Born on June 15, 1911, in Baltimore, Maryland, Fax was a child prodigy. By age fourteen, Fax was employed as a theater organist playing scores to silent films in Baltimore's Regent Theater on Saturdays, and gospel music at an African American church on Sundays. Fax enrolled at Syracuse University on the advice of his brother, Elton Fax, an artist, who believed Syracuse faculty would take his aspirations as a classical composer seriously.
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Yun Won-hyeong
1509 - 1565 (56 years)
Yun Won-hyeong was a Korean political figure of the Joseon period. He was the younger brother of Queen Munjeong, the 3rd wife of 11th King Jungjong and was the maternal uncle of the 13th King Myeongjong.
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Giorgio Raguseo
1580 - 1622 (42 years)
Giorgio Raguseo was an Italian philosopher, theologist, and orator from the Republic of Venice. Born an illegitimate child in Dubrovnik , Croatia, Raguseo had to beg before being taken to Venice by a gentleman who provided him an education. He became a priest and taught at the University of Padua.
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Louis Tocqué
1696 - 1772 (76 years)
Jean Louis Tocqué was a French painter. He specialized in portrait painting. Biography Jean Louis Tocqué was born on 19 November 1696 in Paris. His father, who was also a painter, died in April 1710, before Louis was even fourteen. He was eventually brought into the care of another artist, Jean-Marc Nattier. Tocqué studied under Nattier, Nicolas Bertin and Hyacinthe Rigaud in the 1720s. He married Jean-Marc Nattier's daughter Marie Nattier in 1747. He died on 10 February 1772 in Paris.
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Jane Clapperton
1832 - 1914 (82 years)
Jane Hume Clapperton was a British philosopher, birth control pioneer, socialist, social reformer and suffragist. Life Her father was Alexander Clapperton and mother Anne Clapperton . She had eleven siblings. Her father ran a company, Clapperton & Co., in Edinburgh and moved from 43 Lauriston Place close to George Heriot's School to 126 George Street in the year Jane was born.
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Claude Beck
1894 - 1971 (77 years)
Claude Schaeffer Beck was a pioneer cardiac surgeon, famous for innovating various cardiac surgery techniques, and performing the first defibrillation in 1947. He was the first American professor of cardiovascular surgery, from 1952 through 1965. He was a nominee for the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1952.
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Johannes Heurnius
1543 - 1601 (58 years)
Johannes Heurnius was a Dutch physician and natural philosopher. Life Heurnius was born in Utrecht, and studied at Leuven and Paris. He went to the University of Padua to study under Hieronymus Fabricius; and graduated M.D. there in 1566, examined by Petrus Ramus and Fabricius.
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Matthew Ferchi
1583 - 1669 (86 years)
Matija Ferkić or Matija Frkić was a Croatian Franciscan Conventual scholastic philosopher from Krk. He was from the island of Krk . He was a Scotist, and wrote a Vita et apologia Scoti, a life of Duns Scotus. He taught at the University of Padua for 35 years, from 1629.
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Valery Chkalov
1904 - 1938 (34 years)
Valery Pavlovich Chkalov was a test pilot awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union . Early life Chkalov was born to a Russian family in 1904 in the upper Volga region, the town of Vasilyevo , which lies near Nizhny Novgorod.
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Thomas Wilton
1270 - 1320 (50 years)
Thomas Wilton was an English theologian and scholastic philosopher, a pupil of Duns Scotus, a teacher at the University of Oxford and then the University of Paris, where he taught Walter Burley. He was a Fellow of Merton College from about 1288.
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Evander
201 BC - 101 BC (100 years)
Evander , born in Phocis or Phocaea, was the pupil and successor of Lacydes, and was joint leader of the Academy at Athens together with Telecles. In the final ten years of Lacydes' life , Evander and Telecles had helped run the Academy due to Lacydes being seriously ill. They continued running the Academy after the death of Lacydes, without formally being elected scholarchs. On Telecles' death in 167/6 BC, Evander remained scholarch for a few more years. Evander himself was succeeded by his pupil Hegesinus. Concerning the opinions and writings of this philosopher nothing is known except t...
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