Herbert Spencer

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From Wikipedia

Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his hypothesis of social Darwinism whereby superior physical force shapes history. Spencer originated the expression "survival of the fittest", which he coined in Principles of Biology after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. The term strongly suggests natural selection, yet Spencer saw evolution as extending into realms of sociology and ethics, so he also supported Lamarckism.

Published Works

• The principles of psychology.
• Facts and comments.
• Data of ethics.
• I.—THE ORIGIN OF MUSIC
• The principles of biology.
• The principles of biology.
• The principles of psychology, Vol 1 (2nd ed.).
• The principles of psychology, Vol 2 (2nd ed.).
• The factors of organic evolution.
• The principles of biology /
The principles of biology.
Progress: Its law and cause.
II.—THE COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY OF MAN.
The principles of sociology, Vol 1.
First principles. / By Herbert Spencer, ..
The physiology of laughter.
ON THE ORIGIN OF MUSIC
The principles of ethics (Vol 1).
Illustrations of universal progress: A series of discussions.
Social statics, abridged and revised; together with The man versus the state.
The Proper Sphere of Government
The principles of psychology, Vol II-I.
Education: Intellectual, moral, and physical.
Origin of Classes among the “Parasol” Ants
The social organism.
What knowledge is of most worth?
Facts and Comments
Happiness as an immediate aim.
First principle.
The correspondence as increasing in complexity.
The law of intelligence.
Instinct.
The feelings.
Regimentation.
Re-barbarization.
Patriotism.
The principles of biology, by Herbert Spencer.
First principles, by Herbert Spencer.
The principles of biology. By Herbert Spencer ...
The principles of biology, by Herbert Spencer.
The principles of biology / by Herbert Spencer.
The principles of biology, by Herbert Spencer.
Impending cessation.
A series of articles.
The principles of ethics (Vol 2).
Conduct in general.
The principles of psychology, Vol II-2.
The scope of psychology.
Results.
ULTIMATE RELIGIOUS IDEAS
The development hypothesis.
The origin and function of music.
Intellectual education.
Over-legislation.
State tampering with money and banks.
Prison-ethics.
Herbert Spencer and à priori Truths
Mr. Spencer and Prof. Tait
Asymmetry and Vitalism
Mr. Spencer and Prof. Tait
IX.—CORRESPONDENCE: MR. TYLOR'S REVIEW OF The Principles of Sociology
V. —REPLIES TO CRITICISIMS ON THE DATA OF ETHICS
The Principles of Ethics.
Recent discussions in science, philosophy, and morals
The Tendency of Trades Unions
ZWEITES KAPITEL. Wegbereiter der Soziologie im 19. Jahrhundert
Part I.—The data of psychology.
Part IV.—Special synthesis.
Part II.—The inductions of psychology.
Part V.—Physical synthesis.
The principles of psychology, Vol 1 (authorized [4th] ed.).
Part III.—General synthesis.
THE RELATIVITY OF PAINS AND PLEASURES
ALTRUISM VERSUS EGOISM
THE BIOLOGICAL VIEW
CRITICISMS AND EXPLANATIONS
CONCILIATION
THE SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW
ABSOLUTE ETHICS AND RELATIVE ETHICS
THE EVOLUTION OF CONDUCT
GOOD AND BAD CONDUCT
WAYS OF JUDGING CONDUCT
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW
TRIAL AND COMPROMISE
THE SCOPE OF ETHICS
PREFACE
CONDUCT IN GENERAL
EGOISM VERSUS ALTRUISM
THE PHYSICAL VIEW
The factors of social phenomena.
What is a society?
Polyandry.
The primitive man—Intellectual.
Idol-worship and fetich-worship.
Inspiration, divination, exorcism, and sorcery.
Promiscuity.
Super-organic evolution.
The status of children.
The ideas of sleep and dreams.
The sustaining system.
The ideas of souls, ghosts, spirits, demons.
Deities.
Systems of organs.
The ideas of the animate and the inanimate.
The scope of sociology.
The ideas of swoon, apoplexy, catalepsy, ecstasy, and other forms of insensibility.
Polygyny.
The diverse interests of the species, of the parents and of the offspring.
Animal-worship.
The primitive man—Emotional.
The regulating system.
Social functions.
Qualifications and summary.
Social growth.
A society is an organism.
Plant-worship.
The family.
Primitive relations of the sexes.
Monogamy.
The maintenance of species.
Original internal factors.
Social types and constitutions.
Social structures.
Exogamy and endogamy.
Ancestor-worship in general.
The primitive man—Physical.
The ideas of death and resurrection.
The ideas of supernatural agents.
The ideas of another life.
Supernatural agents as causing epilepsy and convulsive actions, delirium and insanity, disease and death.
The status of women.
Original external factors.
The primitive theory of things.
Domestic retrospect and prospect.
Primitive ideas.
The distributing system.
Social metamorphoses.
Sacred places, temples, and altars; Sacrifice, fasting, and propitiation; Praise, prayer.
Nature-worship.
The ideas of another world.
The constitution of the state.
Government colonization.
Derivation of a first principle.
The evanescence [?diminution] of evil.
National education.
Political rights.
The right of property in ideas.
The limit of state-duty.
The right of property.
The duty of the state.
The moral-sense doctrine.
General considerations.
Unguided expediency.
Greatest happiness must be sought indirectly.
Socialism.
What is morality?
Sanitary supervision.
The rights of children.
The sins of legislators.
The new Toryism.
The rights of women.
Postscript.
The coming slavery.
Secondary derivation of a first principle.
Poor-laws.
The great political superstition.
Application of this first principle.
Currency, postal arrangements, etc.
The regulation of commerce.
Religious establishments.
A Letter from Mr. Herbert Spencer
Our present position.
The relations of similarity and dissimilarity.
Imperfect qualitative reasoning.
The perception of body as presenting dynamical, statico-dynamical, and statical attributes.
Compound quantitative reasoning.
The growth of intelligence.
The will.
Consciousness in general.
Compound quantitative reasoning (continued).
The perception of body as presenting statical attributes.
Method.
The universal postulate.
The perception of special objects.
The perception of space.
The correspondence as increasing in generality.
Reflex action.
The correspondence as extending in time.
The relation of sequence.
The correspondence as direct and homogeneous.
The correspondence as direct but heterogeneous.
The perception of resistance.
The integration of correspondences.
Quantitative reasoning in general.
Reason.
The correspondence as extending in space.
The perception of body as presenting statico-dynamical and statical attributes.
Its corollaries.
Reasoning in general.
Proximate definition of life.
The degree of life varies as the degree of correspondence.
Perfect qualitative reasoning.
The relations of likeness and unlikeness.
The relations of connature and non-connature.
The correspondence between life and its circumstances.
Results.
The co-ordination of correspondences.
The perception of motion.
Classification, naming, and recognition.
A datum wanted.
The relations of coexistence and non-coexistence.
The correspondences in their totality.
The relations of cointension and non-cointension.
The perception of time.
Perception in general.
The relations of coextension and non-coextension.
The nature of intelligence.
The correspondence as increasing in speciality.
Imperfect and simple quantitative reasoning.
Memory.
The principles of biology.
Principal events in Spencer's life
The Great Political Superstition
Bibliographical note
The Sins of Legislators
Appendix: Spencer's article of 1836 on the Poor Law
Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought
The New Toryism
Postscript
Introduction
Preface
The Coming Slavery
Editor's note
Publishing on commission.
The bookselling-question.
A rejoinder to Mr. McLennan.
Views concerning copyright.
Parliamentary Georgites.
The metric system again.
A record of legislation.
Prof. Tait on the formula of evolution.
Anglo-American arbitration.
Against the metric system.
The land question.
Evolutionary ethics.
M. de Laveleye's error.
Book-distribution.
The "net-price" system of bookselling.
What is social evolution.
Ability versus information.
A state-burden on authors.
Government by minority.
Professor Cairnes's criticisms.
The South-African war.
An element in method.
An inhumanity.
Social evolution and social duty.
A few Americanisms.
A nomadic period.
Vaccination.
Writing for quarterly reviews.
Eighteen months lost.
A false start.
Two months' holiday.
An idle year.
Life at Worcester.
A visit and its consequences.
Boyhood.
Some regrets.
State education.
Weather forecasts.
Ultimate questions?
What should the sceptic say to believers?
Gymnastics.
The pursuit of prettiness.
Imperialism and slavery.
Childhood.
A campaign in London.
Feeling versus intellect.
The origin of music.
Some light on use-inheritance.
Another parliamentary survey.
An interval in town.
My second book.
My first book.
A business problem.
Return to Derby.
A problem.
Commence engineering.
Leave The Economist.
Grammar.
Developed music.
Back at home.
Inventions.
Style.
Perverted history.
A parliamentary survey.
Some months at Powick.
A more active year.
The closing hours.
Begin journalism.
Presence of mind.
Meyerbeer.
Exaggerations and mis-statements.
Youth at Hinton.
A brief sub-editorship.
Spontaneous reform.
The regressive multiplication of causes.
Distinguished dissenters.
Sanitation in theory and practice.
At home again.
Some significant essays.
Suspense.
Estimates of men.
Some musical heresies.
The purpose of art.
Style continued.
The corruption of music.
Party government.
A journey and a flight.
The reform of company-law.
Euthanasia.
Some questions.
Barbaric art.
Illustrations of universal progress : a series of discussions / by Herbert Spencer ; with a notice of Spencer's "New system of philosophy."
Recent discussions in science, philosophy, and morals.
The principles of biology / by Herbert Spencer.
Land and labor in the United States, by Wm. Godwin Moody.
The principles of biology / by Herbert Spencer.
Illustrations of universal progress : a series of discussions by Herbert Spencer ; with a notice of spencer's "New system of philosophy".
The principles of biology / by Herbert Spencer.
Some minor incidents.
Plans for executing it.
Ceremonial institutions.
Another volume of the Biology.
Vol. I. of the Sociology.
A retrospective glance.
Up the Nile.
A plan fixed upon.
An imprudence and its consequences.
A grievous mistake.
Developing the Psychology.
Conclusion.
Coming events.
Reflections written four years later.
Finishing the Psychology.
System of philosophy projected.
Recasting First principles.
An autumn's relaxations.
A tour in Italy.
Writing First principles.
Ending of the Descriptive sociology.
Political institutions.
A volume of the Biology.
A digression.
An extra book.
The Descriptive sociology.
Sad events.
The Data of ethics.
A visit to America.
The rights of free speech and publication.
The sociological view.
Egoism versus altruism.
The ultimate sanctions.
Marital beneficence.
Imperfect qualitative reasoning.
The scope of ethics.
Restraints on free contract.
Stimulation.
Amusements.
Restraints on praise.
The relations of likeness and unlikeness.
Ways of judging conduct.
Trial and compromise.
Aggression.
Beneficence at large.
Activity.
Temperance.
General conclusions.
Nutrition.
The relations of similarity and dissimilarity.
The right of incorporeal property.
The right of free industry.
Political rights--So-called.
Compound quantitative reasoning.
The relations of cointension and non-cointension.
The perception of resistance.
The right to physical integrity.
The duties of the state.
Altruism versus egoism.
The confusion of ethical thought.
Industry.
The relations of coexistence and non-coexistence.
The idea of justice.
The limits of state-duties--Continued.
The nature of the State.
Generosity.
The relations of coextension and non-coextension.
The relation of sequence.
Justice.
The right of property.
Aiding the sick and the injured.
The physical view.
The formula of justice.
The rights of free exchange and free contract.
The constitution of the state.
Imperfect and simple quantitative reasoning.
Limitation of the subject.
Perception in general.
The perception of body as presenting statical attributes.
The rights to the uses of natural media.
Its corollaries.
Animal-ethics.
Restraints of undeserved payments.
The rights of free belief and worship.
The rights of women.
The biological view.
Chastity.
Reasoning in general.
What ideas and sentiments are ethical?
Parental beneficence.
Pecuniary aid to relatives and friends.
The perception of motion.
Good and bad conduct.
Social beneficence.
Veracity.
The limits of state-duties.
Filial beneficence.
Robbery.
The evolution of conduct.
Absolute ethics and relative ethics.
Humanity.
Marriage.
The authority of this formula.
The perception of space.
Rest.
The rights to free motion and locomotion.
The rights of gift and bequest.
Criticisms and explanations.
The perception of body as presenting dynamical, statico dynamical and statical attributes.
Kinds of altruism.
Obedience.
Parenthood.
Restraints on free competition.
Revenge.
Sub-human justice.
Conciliation.
Restraints on displays of ability.
Results.
Compound quantitative reasoning continued.
Consciousness in general.
The perception of special objects.
Human justice.
The limits of state-duties--Concluded.
Succour to the ill-used and the endangered.
The perception of body as presenting statico-dynamical and statical attributes.
The perception of time.
Culture.
The relativity of pains and pleasures.
The rights of children.
Restraints on blame.
The limits of state-duties--Continued.
Political beneficence.
A retrospect with an addition.
Summary of inductions.
The relations of connature and non-connature.
The psychological view.
Introductory.
Perfect qualitative reasoning.
The sentiment of justice.
Quantitative reasoning in general.
Classification, naming, and recognition.
The transformation and equivalence of forces.
The multiplication of effects.
Altruistic sentiments.
The argument from priority.
Space, time, matter, motion, and force.
Recapitulation, criticism, and recommencement.
The dynamics of consciousness.
The direction of motion.
Æsthetic sentiments.
Transfigured realism.
Development of conceptions.
The assumption of metaphysicians.
Philosophy defined.
The data of philosophy.
Dissolution.
Co-ordination of general analyses.
The law of evolution continued [2].
Ultimate religious ideas.
The law of evolution.
Partial differentiation of subject and object.
Negative justification of realism.
Language of the emotions.
The relativity of all knowledge.
Simple and compound evolution.
A criterion wanted.
Equilibration.
Religion and science.
The interpretation of evolution.
First principles (Amer. ed.).
The reconciliation.
The argument from simplicity.
The final question.
Summary and conclusion.
The law of evolution concluded.
The indestructibility of matter.
The reasonings of metaphysicians.
Sociality and sympathy.
Its corollaries.
Co-ordination of data and inductions.
Classification.
The argument from distinctness.
Ego-altruistic sentiments.
The rhythm of motion.
The law of evolution continued [1].
The words of metaphysicians.
Propositions qualitatively distinguished.
Developed conception of the object.
Positive justification of realism.
The universal postulate.
The test of relative validity.
Preliminary.
Evolution and dissolution.
Segregation.
Ultimate scientific ideas.
Completed differentiation of subject and object.
Co-ordination of special analyses.
Special psychology.
The continuity of motion.
The persistence of relations among forces.
The persistence of force.
The instability of the homogeneous.
Co-ordination of syntheses.
Egoistic sentiments.
Final comparison.
The genesis of doubly-compound nervous systems.
The relations of likeness and unlikeness.
The final question.
The genesis of compound nervous systems.
Classification, naming, and recognition.
The perception of special objects.
The relations of cointension and non-cointension.
Æstho-physiology.
Perfect qualitative reasoning.
The reasonings of metaphysicians.
The argument from simplicity.
The argument from distinctness.
The genesis of nerves.
The assumption of metaphysicians.
Development of conceptions.
The perception of motion.
Perception in general.
Partial differentiation of subject and object.
The perception of body as presenting statical attributes.
The conditions essential to nervous action.
The substance of mind.
The revivability of relations between feelings.
The correspondence as direct and homogeneous.
The correspondence as extending in space.
Language of the emotions.
Æsthetic sentiments.
The perception of resistance.
The relations of coexistence and non-coexistence.
Its corollaries.
The relation of sequence.
Consciousness in general.
Compound quantitative reasoning, continued.
Sociality and sympathy.
The test of relative validity.
The perception of body as presenting dynamical, statico-dynamical and statical attributes.
Imperfect and simple quantitative reasoning.
The revivability of feelings.
The co-ordination of correspondences.
The relativity of relations between feelings.
Nervous stimulation and nervous discharge.
The correspondences in their totality.
Positive justification of realism.
The relations of coextension and non-coextension.
Negative justification of realism.
Functions as related to these structures.
The nervous system.
The will.
The correspondence as extending in time.
The correspondence as increasing in generality.
Reason.
The dynamics of consciousness.
The perception of body as presenting statico-dynamical and statical attributes.
Results.
The associability of feelings.
A further interpretation needed.
The perception of time.
Altruistic sentiments.
Developed conception of the object.
The correspondence as increasing in speciality.
Quantitative reasoning in general.
Ego-altruistic sentiments.
The associability of relations between feelings.
The integration of correspondences.
The relations of similarity and dissimilarity.
Special psychology.
Classification.
The law of intelligence.
Transfigured realism.
The relativity of feelings.
The structure of the nervous system.
The correspondence as direct but heterogeneous.
The perception of space.
A criterion wanted.
The relations of connature and non-connature.
Egoistic sentiments.
Life and mind as correspondence.
The composition of mind.
The correspondence as increasing in complexity.
Instinct.
Propositions qualitatively distinguished.
Compound quantitative reasoning.
Limitation of the subject.
Evidence from normal variations.
The words of metaphysicians.
The universal postulate.
Completed differentiation of subject and object.
The argument from priority.
The nature of intelligence.
Reflex action.
Evidence from abnormal variations.
Imperfect qualitative reasoning.
Developed conception of the object.
Pleasures and pains.
The functions of the nervous system.
Memory.
The growth of intelligence.
The feelings.
The genesis of simple nervous systems.
Psychical laws as thus interpreted.
Reasoning in general.
Education
THE RHYTHM OF MOTION
THE PERSISTENCE OF FORCE
DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION
THE RELATIVITY OF ALL KNOWLEDGE
SPACE, TIME, MATTER, MOTION, AND FORCE
THE INSTABILITY OF THE HOMOGENEOUS
RELIGION AND SCIENCE
PREFACE
THE CAUSES OF EVOLUTION
THE CORRELATION AND EQUIVALENCE OF FORCES
EQUILIBRATION
THE MULTIPLICATION OF EFFECTS
THE DIRECTION OF MOTION
LAWS IN GENERAL
THE CONTINUITY OF MOTION
THE LAW OF EVOLUTION
THE LAW OF EVOLUTION (CONTINUED)
THE RECONCILIATION
ULTIMATE SCIENTIFIC IDEAS
THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY OF MATTER
THE CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL TO EVOLUTION
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Manners and fashion.
Bain on the emotions and the will.
The use of anthropomorphism.
The sources of architectural types.
Use and beauty.
The nebular hypothesis.
Illogical geology.
The genesis of science.
Physical education.
Moral education.
Good and bad conduct.
The relativity of pains and pleasures.
Egoism versus altruism.
The sociological view.
Conduct in general.
The physical view.
The scope of ethics.
Absolute and relative ethics.
Trial and compromise.
Ways of judging conduct.
The evolution of conduct.
Conciliation.
Criticisms and explanations.
The psychological view.
The biological view.
Altruism versus egoism.
Mill versus Hamilton--The test of truth.
The morals of trade.
Gracefulness.
The philosophy of style.
Personal beauty.
Parliamentary reform: The dangers and the safeguards.
Essays: Moral, political and aesthetic (new and enlarged ed.).
Railway morals and railway policy.
Representative government.
Prof. Tait and Mr. Spencer
The Survival of the Fittest
The Antiquity of the Medical Profession
The Inheritance of Acquired Characters
The Nomenclature of Colours
Genesis of the Vertebrate Column
The Duke of Argyll and Mr. Herbert Spencer
Panmixia
Prof. Meldola's Explanation
Necessary Truths—Physical and other
Where are the Nebulæ?
I.—OUR SPACE-CONSCIOUSNESS: A REPLY
IX.—CORRESPONDENCE
HERBERT SPENCER: PSYCHOLOGY
Part IX. Corollaries.
Part VIII. Congruities.
Part VII. General analysis.
Part VI. Special analysis.
Philosophy and Pseudo-Philosophy
The Comparative Psychology of Man
Evidence from normal variations.
Evidence from abnormal variations.
The correspondence as increasing in generality.
Pleasures and pains.
The will.
The genesis of nerves.
The scope of psychology.
The correspondence as extending in time.
The genesis of doubly-compound nervous systems.
The correspondence as direct but heterogeneous.
The associability of feelings.
The relativity of feelings.
The correspondence as increasing in speciality.
Æstho-physiology.
Functions as related to these structures.
Nervous stimulation and nervous discharge.
A further interpretation needed.
Life and mind as correspondence.
The feelings.
The nature of intelligence.
The revivability of feelings.
The revivability of relations between feelings.
Instinct.
The functions of the nervous system.
The integration of correspondences.
The relativity of relations between feelings.
The structure of the nervous system.
Results.
The correspondence as increasing in complexity.
The genesis of compound nervous systems.
The nervous system.
The correspondence as extending in space.
Reflex action.
The composition of mind.
The associability of relations between feelings.
The conditions essential to nervous action.
Psychical laws as thus interpreted.
The substance of mind.
The law of intelligence.
Reason.
Memory.
The correspondence as direct and homogeneous.
The correspondences in their totality.
The co-ordination of correspondence.
The growth of intelligence.
The genesis of simple nervous systems.
The Principles of Ethics.
Justice: Being Part IV of the Principles of Ethics.
Facts and Comments.
Negative Beneficence and Positive Beneficence.
Principles of Ethics: Justice
A Plea for Liberty.
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Other Resources

• en.wikipedia.org

Schools

Royal College of Art

College in Kensington and Chelsea, UK

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Notable Works

• The Man Versus The State
• Social Statics

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