Francis Crick

Q: What Schools Are Affiliated With Francis Crick

Francis Crick is affiliated with the following schools: University College London, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, University of Cambridge

Why Is Francis Crick Influential?

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According to Wikipedia, Francis Harry Compton Crick was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. He, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins played crucial roles in deciphering the helical structure of the DNA molecule. Crick and Watson's paper in Nature in 1953 laid the groundwork for understanding DNA structure and functions. Together with Maurice Wilkins, they were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".

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Francis Crick's Published Works

Number of citations in a given year to any of this author's works

Total number of citations to an author for the works they published in a given year. This highlights publication of the most important work(s) by the author

Published Papers

Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (1953) (7807)
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (1974) (2986)
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (1970) (2966)
Origin of the Genetic Code (1967) (2137)
Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite (1980) (1922)
Function of the thalamic reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis. (1984) (1668)
Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (1953) (1645)
Codon--anticodon pairing: the wobble hypothesis. (1966) (1645)
The packing of α‐helices: simple coiled‐coils (1953) (1452)
Molecular structure of nucleic acids (2004) (1275)
General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins (1961) (1146)
The structure of DNA. (1953) (1012)
DEPARTMENT of Health, Education, and Welfare. (1953) (896)
Diffusion in Embryogenesis (1970) (848)
The function of dream sleep (1983) (837)
Critical transitions in nature and society (2009) (802)
On protein synthesis. (1958) (790)
The molecular structure of collagen. (1961) (724)
Structure of Small Viruses (1956) (651)
The structure of synthetic polypeptides. I. The transform of atoms on a helix (1952) (486)
The treatment of errors in the isomorphous replacement method (1959) (451)
WHAT MAD PURSUIT. A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. (1989) (392)
Diffraction by helical structures (1958) (389)
Compartments and polyclones in insect development. (1975) (385)
The molecular structure of polyadenylic acid. (1961) (378)
The Structure of Collagen (1954) (377)
General Model for the Chromosomes of Higher Organisms (1971) (368)
Split genes and RNA splicing. (1979) (333)
The physical properties of cytoplasm: A study by means of the magnetic particle method Part I. Experimental (1950) (326)
The complementary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (1954) (314)
Is α-Keratin a Coiled Coil? (1952) (298)
CODES WITHOUT COMMAS. (1957) (294)
Structure of Polyglycine II (1955) (292)
The Fourier transform of a coiled-coil (1953) (275)
Do dendritic spines twitch? (1982) (248)
Thinking about the brain. (1979) (244)
The theory of mutagenesis (1961) (234)
Linking numbers and nucleosomes. (1976) (218)
Certain aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the cerebral cortex (1986) (181)
REM sleep and neural nets (1995) (177)
Memory and molecular turnover. (1984) (171)
Long axons within the striate cortex: their distribution, orientation, and patterns of connection. (1982) (165)
Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature (1981) (164)
UGA: A Third Nonsense Triplet in the Genetic Code (1967) (156)
A gradient of positional information in an insect, Rhodnius. (1972) (139)
THE THEORY OF INTER-ALLELIC COMPLEMENTATION. (1964) (136)
What Mad Pursuit (1988) (132)
Directed Panspermia (2005) (128)
Higher-order structure of human mitotic chromosomes. (1977) (126)
Periodicity of deoxyribonuclease I digestion of chromatin. (1979) (125)
Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. (1993) (123)
Genetic Code (1962) (119)
The genetic code--yesterday, today, and tomorrow. (1966) (116)
Amino Acids and Peptides (2003) (111)
Of Molecules and Men (1966) (111)
An Information Processing Approach to Understanding the Visual Cortex (1980) (100)
Phase-Shift and Other Mutants in the First Part of the rII B Cistron of Bacteriophage T4 (1967) (98)
The Genetic Code for Proteins (1963) (93)
The impact of molecular biology on neuroscience. (1999) (92)
The theory of the method of isomorphous replacement for protein crystals. I (1956) (89)
A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis (1976) (81)
Molecular structure of nucleic acids. A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. 1953. (2007) (79)
The double helix: a personal view (1974) (77)
A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis (2004) (76)
The Recent Excitement in the Coding Problem (1963) (74)
The genetic code. 3. (1966) (70)
Kinky helix (1975) (70)
X-Ray Analysis and Protein Structure (1957) (67)
The physical properties of cytoplasm. A study by means of the magnetic particle method. Part II. Theoretical treatment (1950) (67)
Is alpha-keratin a coiled coil? (1952) (66)
Selfish DNA (1980) (66)
Supercoiled DNA. (1980) (64)
Virus Structure: General Principles (1957) (58)
The Statue Within (1992) (57)
Is DNA really a double helix? (1979) (56)
Anticipating an RNA World Some Past Speculations on the Origin of Life: Where Are They Today? (1993) (50)
On the genetic code. (1963) (46)
International Conferences (1935) (44)
A Primate Genome Project Deserves High Priority (2000) (41)
Modern biopharmaceuticals : design, development and optimization (2005) (37)
The Structure of the Hereditary Material (1954) (37)
On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club (1955) (36)
Consciousness and Neurosurgery (2004) (34)
The Croonian Lecture, 1966 - The genetic code (1967) (33)
Molecular structure of nucleic acids. A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. 1953. (1995) (33)
A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. 1953. (2003) (33)
Codon-Anticodon Pairing : (1966) (33)
Neural Edelmanism (1989) (31)
Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick. Published in Nature, number 4356 April 25, 1953. (2003) (29)
Evidence for the Pauling–Corey α-Helix in Synthetic Polypeptides (1952) (26)
The scale of pattern formation. (1971) (25)
The Present Position of the Coding Problem (1959) (24)
Looking backwards: a birthday card for the double helix. (1993) (23)
Structure and Function of DNA (1954) (22)
General Nature of the Genetic Code (1965) (20)
Ideas on Protein Synthesis (1956) (19)
An Error in Model Building (1967) (19)
THE COMPLEMENTARY STRUCTURE OF DNA. (1954) (19)
Recent research in molecular biology: introduction. (1965) (17)
Molecular Biology in the Year 2000 (1970) (15)
Genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid. 1953. (1993) (15)
A footnote on allostery. (2013) (13)
The Discovery of the Structure of DNA (1959) (13)
The three-dimensional Patterson function of ribonuclease II (1956) (12)
Function ofthethalamic reticular complex: Thesearchlight (1984) (12)
The unit cells of four proteins (1953) (11)
Neural networks and REM sleep (1988) (11)
Chromosome structure and function. Future prospects. (1978) (11)
The height of the vector rods in the three‐dimensional Patterson of haemoglobin (1952) (11)
The absolute sign of certain phase-shift mutants in bacteriophage T4. (1967) (10)
Ribonuclease II. Accuracy of measurement and shrinkage (1955) (10)
DNA: Test of Structure? (1970) (9)
"Selfish DNA" [Editorial letter] (1980) (9)
The time needed to set up a gradient: detailed calculations. (1971) (9)
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (Reprinted from Nature, April 25, 1953) (1969) (9)
Ox haemoglobin: preliminary X-ray studies (1956) (8)
Biochemical activities of nucleic acids. The present position of the coding problem. (1959) (7)
The strength of the 10 Å reflexions in haemoglobin (1953) (7)
Reprint: Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids (2003) (7)
Biochemistry of Genetics (1954) (7)
General Discussion on Theories of Antibody Variability (1967) (6)
The scientific search for the soul (1994) (6)
4 – The Impact of Linus Pauling on Molecular Biology: A Reminiscence (1992) (6)
GENETICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE STRUCTURE OF DEOXYRBONUCLEIC ACID By (2004) (6)
Max Ferdinand Perutz (2002) (5)
A new crystal form of ribonuclease (1955) (5)
How to Live with a Golden Helix (1979) (5)
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CYTOPLASM A STUDY BY MEANS OF THE MAGNETIC PARTICLE hII : (2004) (5)
[4] X-ray diffraction of protein crystals (1957) (5)
Psychiatry in the Genomics Era "We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest." (2003) (5)
EARLY THEORIES OF VIRUS STRUCTURE (2003) (5)
How to Live with a Goiden Holix (1979) (5)
[Central dogma of mollecular biology]. (1971) (5)
Qué loco propósito (1989) (5)
What Are the Properties of Genetic RNA?: A Note for the RNA Tie Club (1960) (4)
Linking numbers and nucleosomes ( DNA double helix / twist / writhing number / chromosome structure / simian virus 40 ) (3)
"Evidence for the Pauling-Corey alpha-Helix in Synthetic Polypeptides" [Editorial letter] (1952) (3)
Molecular biology and medical research. (1969) (3)
Some Footnotes on Protein Synthesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club (1959) (3)
The Structure of the Nucleic Acids and Related Substances (1957) (3)
As a Basis for Discussion (1956) (3)
Polypeptides and proteins : X-ray studies (2013) (2)
Molecular biology in the year 2000 (2000) (2)
The Body , Its Emotions , the Self , and Consciousness (2012) (2)
On Running a Summer School (1968) (2)
DNA: A Cooperative Discovery a (1995) (2)
"The Influence of Physics on Molecular Biology" (Cherwell-Simon Lecture) (1966) (2)
LECTURE 24: OR (2001) (2)
From hodology to function In 1993 (2)
Letter from Francis Crick to Sol Spiegelman (1956) (2)
A CASE STUDY IN STATISTICAL COMPUTING IN A LISP ENVIRON1\1ENT: GEOMETRIC ABSTRACTIONS FOR CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION OF LAYOUTS (1989) (2)
The Problem of Visual Awareness and the Neutral Basis of Consciousness (1995) (1)
Letter from Francis Crick to George Gamow (1968) (1)
Nature原著論文(1953) Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (特集 DNA二重らせん構造の半世紀(1)) (2003) (1)
Sailing with Jacques (2003) (1)
Crick looks back on DNA. (1979) (1)
Letter from Francis Crick to Peter Medawar (1977) (1)
Obituary of Jacques Monod (1976) (1)
Letter from Francis Crick to John T. Edsall, Fogarty International Center (1971) (1)
Letter from Francis Crick to Georg Kreisel (1977) (1)
Cracking the Genetic Code (1962) (1)
Towards the Genetic Code (1962) (1)
The Laboratory of Molecular Biology: Proposals for Extension (1963) (1)
Detail from notes on the structure of DNA (1953) (1)
Aharon Katzir Katchalsky (1972) (1)
A Gene That Directs the Regeneration of Injured Muscle from Adult Stem Cells (2004) (0)
Fragment of notes on a double helix model for DNA (1953) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to H. Gobind Khorana (1969) (0)
"DNA: Test of Structure?" [Editorial letter] (1970) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Carl C. Lindegren (1964) (0)
[Ready-made reply card to refuse invitations] (1963) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Nikolai V. Podgorny, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. (1974) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to John A. B. Gray, Medical Research Council of Great Britain (1968) (0)
"Molecular Genetics: The Present Position" (Mendel Lecture) (1966) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Henry R. V. Arnstein (1969) (0)
"The Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis" (Korkes Memorial Lecture) (1960) (0)
Molecular Genetics: The Ideas (1964) (0)
The DNA Provirus, reviewed by G. S. Martin * Supramolecular Chemistry, J. S. Siegel * Vignettes * Books Received (1996) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to W. Traub (1970) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Douglas R. Tobin (1970) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Paul Berg (1973) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Lawrence Bragg (1967) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Charles A. Thomas (1979) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Jacques Monod (1961) (0)
"The Biological Revolution: Its Meaning for Medicine" (lecture notes) (1981) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Robert L. Sinsheimer (1961) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to John Kendrew (1978) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Aaron Klug (1977) (0)
"A Structure for DNA" (draft) (1953) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Van R. Potter (1969) (0)
Dissecting the Complexities of Glucose Signaling in Yeast (2004) (0)
[Molecular biology in the year 2000. 1970]. (2000) (0)
The Two Languages of Biology (1969) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Matthew Meselson (1968) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Nathan M. Pusey, Harvard University (1966) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "Egg White Column" (1955) (0)
Letter from Francis and Odile Crick to Fritz Lipmann (1976) (0)
Telegram from Francis Crick to Marshall W. Nirenberg (1962) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to the Editor of The Sciences (1979) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Igor Y. Tamm (1962) (0)
Genes in Higher and Lower Organisms (1977) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Vernon M. Ingram (1960) (0)
Defects in Ribosomal Protein Genes Cause Cancer in Zebrafish (2004) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Leonard S. Lerman (1964) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to James J. Lingane, Harvard University Chemistry Department (1958) (0)
Report to the Medical Research Council on the Work of the Division of Molecular Genetics, now the Division of Cell Biology, from 1961-1971 (1971) (0)
Some Interesting Books Received (2004) (0)
[Francis Crick's remarks at a conference held at Stanford University School of Medicine] (1980) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Luigi Silvestri (1971) (0)
News In Brief (2004) (0)
The domestic animals of science. (1980) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "DNA" (1951) (0)
1 A brief history of genomics (2004) (0)
In Memory of Francis Crick (2005) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Leslie E. Orgel (1974) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to G. A. Rodley (1977) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Jerry Donohue (1970) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Henry M. Sobell (1975) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "Repeat of Experiment to Determine Effect of RNase on Microsomal RNA" (1958) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "Cell Wall Prep" (1955) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "Model Building" (1954) (0)
Biochemical Work on Lysozyme (1950) (0)
"Origin of the Genetic Code" [Editorial letter] (1967) (0)
Neural edelmanism. (1989) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Rosalind Franklin (1954) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to James D. Watson (1965) (0)
Small RNA Pathways in Plants (2004) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Arthur Kornberg (1962) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Harold Frank Robinson, North Carolina State University Institute of Biological Sciences (1964) (0)
[Notes on] "Degenerate Templates" (1953) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to C. H. Waddington (1967) (0)
"The Biological Revolution: Its Meaning for Medicine" (abstract) (1981) (0)
[Notes on possible genetic codes (#3)] (1953) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "Effect of RNase on Microsomal RNA" (1958) (0)
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (2005) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to William Shockley (1969) (0)
The function o f dream sleep (2004) (0)
Neural Induction without Mesoderm in Xenopus (2004) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to John Desmond Bernal (1969) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to David Harker (1953) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Eric I. Hamilton (1973) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Marshall W. Nirenberg (1962) (0)
Compartments and Polyclones in Insect Development Clones made in early development keep within certain fixed boundaries in the insect epithelium (2004) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "Centrifuging Egg White" (1955) (0)
Interim Note: Studies on the Physical Properties of the Cytoplasm of Cells in Tissue Culture (1949) (0)
PART 1% NUCLEIC ACIDS THE STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES (2004) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to John Red Raper, Harvard University, The Biological Laboratories (1955) (0)
1964 Gordon Research Conference on Nucleic Acids (2008) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Thomas J. Wilson, Harvard University Press (1966) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to John Burton Sanderson Haldane (1962) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Thomas H. Jukes (1974) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Leo Sachs, Weizmann Institute of Science (1970) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Alexander Rich (1974) (0)
Evolutionary Psychology, Neuroscience and Culture (2013) (0)
Reciprocal Neural Pathways and Associative Networks. (1982) (0)
Representation without Reconstruction 3 (1994) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Karl Popper (1976) (0)
A Role for Early Cardiac Function in Cardiac Morphogenesis (2004) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Max Delbruck (1953) (0)
Notes on the possible configuration of bases in the DNA structure (1953) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Rosalind Franklin (and notes on two papers by Franklin and Raymond Gosling) (1953) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Harold Himsworth, Medical Research Council of Great Britain (1953) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Warren Weaver (1964) (0)
Evarts A. Graham Lecture, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (1971) (0)
Depositing a Histone That Protects Active Chromosomal Regions from Silencing (2004) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Sewell Champe (1966) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Bernard D. Davis (1970) (0)
Dahlem Workshop on Organization and Expression of Chromosomes: Closing Remarks (1976) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Charlotte Friend (1979) (0)
General receipts 1789-1814 ; Household accounts 1801-7 (1971) (0)
The Molecular Biology of Higher Organisms (1972) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Arthur J. Walker (1962) (0)
The Mre11 Protein Is Necessary for DNA Damage Response (2004) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Robert W. Holley (1965) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Andre Lwoff, Institut Pasteur (France) (1957) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Max F. Perutz (1979) (0)
Evolutionary History of a Gene Controlling Brain Size (2004) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "Action of RNase on Microsomal RNA" (1958) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Joshua Lederberg (1959) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Marianne Grunberg-Manago (1976) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Tomaso Poggio (1981) (0)
[Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916-2004)]. (2010) (0)
Proposal to the System Development Foundation for funds for a theoretical neurobiology group at the Salk Institute (1982) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Cy Levinthal (1957) (0)
Notes on the structure of DNA (1953) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Clyde Manwell (1970) (0)
Mutagenesis by Acridines in Bacteriophage T4 (1961) (0)
Review of “Of Molecules and Men” (2001) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Ernst Mayr (1971) (0)
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: FUTURE PROSPECTS* (1978) (0)
University of Groningen Genome-wide analysis of the regulation of sugar transport in the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus Lubelska, (2009) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "Rate of Hydrolysis of 'Yeast RNA' by Prostatic Acid Phosphatase" (1958) (0)
The Computer, the Eye, the Soul (1966) (0)
[ON THE GENETIC CODE. CONCLUSIONS ON THE GENERAL NATURE OF THE CODE RESULTING FROM BIOCHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS]. (1963) (0)
Notes for two lectures at MIT on chromosomes and gene expression in higher organisms (1972) (0)
SCIENCE NEVER ENDS: A NEW PARADIGM IS BEING BORN IN BIOLOGY (2013) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Fritz Lipmann (1961) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Aaron Klug [letter 2] (1977) (0)
"The Theory of Mutagenesis" [Editorial letter] (1961) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Linus Pauling (1974) (0)
Notes for a Talk on Brooklyn Work (1954) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Maxine Singer (1969) (0)
Drawing of the double helix (1953) (0)
Reply (1990) (0)
Chairman's Opening Remarks (2008) (0)
Our Approach to Developmental Biology (1970) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to George D. Pappas (1969) (0)
"An Error in Model Building" [Editorial letter] (1967) (0)
The Structure of the Synthetic alpha-Polypeptides (1954) (0)
[Notebook entry on] "Cell Walls" (1955) (0)
Fragment of speaking notes on DNA replication (1954) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Severo Ochoa (1962) (0)
Bovine Thyroid Iodine-131 Concentrations Subsequent to Soviet Nuclear Weapon Tests (1962) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Howard M. Temin (1970) (0)
The Evolution of the Genome (1982) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Sydney Brenner (1977) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Francois Gros (1969) (0)
"The Social Impact of Biology" (Rickman Godlee Lecture) (1968) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Paul Doty (1967) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Andrew Poggenpohl, National Geographic Magazine (1974) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Lord Charles Percy Snow (1969) (0)
Properties of Ribosomes (1962) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Joshua and Esther Lederberg (1956) (0)
how the hereditary material embodies the code for the manufacture of proteins . The nature of the code has now been further elucidated (2001) (0)
Notes on a proposed structure for DNA (1953) (0)
[Notes on] "Genetics" (1953) (0)
Comma-less Codes: A Note for the RNA Tie Club (1956) (0)
The Original Plans and the Present Position (1963) (0)
Letter from Francis Crick to Maurice Wilkins (1967) (0)
What Is a Gene (1956) (0)

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Other Resources About Francis Crick

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What Schools Are Affiliated With Francis Crick?

Francis Crick is affiliated with the following schools:

What Are Francis Crick's Academic Contributions?

Francis Crick is most known for their academic work in the field of biology. They are also known for their academic work in the fields of physics and literature.

Francis Crick has made the following academic contributions: