Best Online Associate Degrees in Pennsylvania 2024
Find the best online associate degrees in Pennsylvania ranked by the academic success of faculty and alumni associated with the colleges and universities and their online degree programs.
Top Online Associate Degree Programs in Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania State University
- Villanova University
- Saint Joseph's University
- Immaculata University
- Lebanon Valley College
- Pennsylvania College of Technology
- Delaware Valley University
- Bucks County Community College
- Cairn University
- Pittsburgh Technical College
- Pennsylvania State University
- Villanova University
- Saint Joseph's University
- Pennsylvania College of Technology
- Immaculata University
- Lebanon Valley College
- Cairn University
- Delaware Valley University
- Mount Aloysius College
- Bucks County Community College
- Delaware Valley University 95%
- Saint Joseph's University 89%
- Mount Aloysius College 86%
- Cairn University 81%
- Lebanon Valley College 77%
- Immaculata University 70%
- Villanova University 23%
- Luzerne County Community College 15 to 1
- Pennsylvania College of Technology 14 to 1
- Bucks County Community College 13 to 1
- Pittsburgh Technical College 13 to 1
- Delaware Valley University 13 to 1
- Butler County Community College 12 to 1
- Lebanon Valley College 11 to 1
- Mount Aloysius College 11 to 1
- Cairn University 11 to 1
- Immaculata University 10 to 1
- Villanova University $61,618
- Saint Joseph's University $49,610
- Lebanon Valley College $48,620
- Delaware Valley University $42,120
- Cairn University $31,965
- Immaculata University $27,750
- Mount Aloysius College $25,510
- Pittsburgh Technical College $16,974
- Pennsylvania College of Technology $15,450
- Luzerne County Community College $8,200
- Lebanon Valley College $31,875
- Villanova University $21,207
- Saint Joseph's University $18,504
- Mount Aloysius College $16,020
- Pennsylvania College of Technology $15,450
- Immaculata University $12,780
- Cairn University $10,278
- Delaware Valley University $8,832
- Butler County Community College
- Luzerne County Community College
- Mount Aloysius College
- Pittsburgh Technical College
- Cairn University
- Bucks County Community College
- Delaware Valley University
- Pennsylvania College of Technology
- Lebanon Valley College
- Immaculata University
- Butler County Community College
- Pittsburgh Technical College
- Luzerne County Community College
- Bucks County Community College
- Mount Aloysius College
- Delaware Valley University
- Cairn University
- Lebanon Valley College
- Immaculata University
- Pennsylvania College of Technology
- Villanova University 23%
- Immaculata University 70%
- Lebanon Valley College 77%
- Cairn University 81%
- Mount Aloysius College 86%
- Saint Joseph's University 89%
- Delaware Valley University 95%
- Immaculata University 10 to 1
- Saint Joseph's University 10 to 1
- Villanova University 10 to 1
- Lebanon Valley College 11 to 1
- Mount Aloysius College 11 to 1
- Cairn University 11 to 1
- Butler County Community College 12 to 1
- Bucks County Community College 13 to 1
- Pittsburgh Technical College 13 to 1
- Delaware Valley University 13 to 1
- Butler County Community College $6,840
- Bucks County Community College $7,920
- Luzerne County Community College $8,200
- Pennsylvania College of Technology $15,450
- Pittsburgh Technical College $16,974
- Mount Aloysius College $25,510
- Immaculata University $27,750
- Cairn University $31,965
- Delaware Valley University $42,120
- Lebanon Valley College $48,620
- Delaware Valley University $8,832
- Cairn University $10,278
- Immaculata University $12,780
- Pennsylvania College of Technology $15,450
- Mount Aloysius College $16,020
- Saint Joseph's University $18,504
- Villanova University $21,207
- Lebanon Valley College $31,875
Featured Programs
Colleges and Universities in Pennsylvania
Prospective students hoping to earn an associate, bachelor’s, master’s, or doctoral degree have over 100 higher learning institutions to choose from. The largest public university is Pennsylvania State University, or Penn State, with a tuition of $18,000, and a student population of over 95,000 across its campuses. As a private institution, the University of Pennsylvania, or simply Penn, is known for its medical, nursing, social work, and business fields. Tuition is $56,000, and the school boasts a 95% graduation rate.
Find college admissions consultants in your state.
Students can also attend one of the more than 60 religiously affiliated schools, such as Villanova University or Lafayette College, each with a tuition of about $53,000. Some of the most affordable colleges in the state include the Curtis Institute of Music and the Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia, with tuitions set at $3,000 and $9,000, respectively. Though the average tuition for college in Pennsylvania comes in above the national average, those who practice medicine in underserved areas may qualify for up to $100,000 in loan forgiveness through the Pennsylvania Primary Care Loan Repayment Program.
As the nation’s second state, Pennsylvania’s history runs deep. It’s here where Betsy Ross made the first American flag and where the Declaration of Independence was signed. The Keystone State is also home to some culinary delights, including whoopie pies, soft pretzels, and the famous Philly cheesesteak. Students looking to earn their degree in Pennsylvania will undoubtedly enjoy what the state has to offer.
Check out the state’s top programs and learn more about earning your degree in Pennsylvania.
What are Pennsylvania’s Colleges & Universities?
- 15 Research Universities
- 80 Liberal Arts Colleges & Universities
- 34 Graduate Schools
- 21 Public Colleges & Universities
- 76 Private Colleges & Universities
- 44 Christian Colleges & Universities
- 78 Small Colleges & Universities (fewer than 5,000 students)
- 27 Affordable Colleges (below $20,000/year)
- 20 Community Colleges
- Best Online Colleges
Pennsylvania’s Best Overall
What is an Associate Degree?
An associate degree is a two-year degree that can be earned at state community colleges, vocational schools, and most accredited colleges and universities.
What will I study with an associate degree?
The associate degree provides an introductory level college education. You will usually take an array of liberal arts or humanities courses along with introductory level courses in a specific subject area. Most associate degree programs are available to both on campus students and online students.
Why get an associate degree?
There are several good reasons to get an associate degree. An associate degree is an affordable and accessible way to get a college education while improving your earning potential. The associate degree is popular both among students looking for entry-level work in their field, and for those who are already working.
The online degree is particularly popular at the associate level because so many students must balance work responsibilities and studies. Online courses and complete online programs make it possible for students to earn associate credits and degrees without disrupting daily work responsibilities.
The associate is also a far more affordable and accessible alternative to earning a bachelor’s degree. The associate degree takes about half as long to earn as a bachelor’s degree. Associate students need 60 credits to graduate, versus the 120 credits needed for a bachelor’s degree. And many state community colleges offer low tuition rates.
Can I get a job with an associate degree?
You can get an entry-level job in your field with an associate degree. Many students will use the associate degree as a way to get relevant job training before entering the job market. In fact, many associates will pursue entry level work in their field while earning a bachelor’s degree through online education.
Should I get an associate degree before pursuing a bachelor’s degree?
You may want to get an associate degree first to save money, or improve your admission chances, before getting a bachelor’s degree. The associate degree is a popular stepping stone for students who will seek a bachelor’s degree. When you earn an associate degree from an accredited state community college, you can usually transfer your credits toward your bachelor’s degree program.
Can I get an online degree at the associate level?
You can definitely get an online degree at the associate level. A growing number of online colleges offer high-quality associate-level online courses and complete online programs. Online students will typically take the same courses and curricula as on campus students.
Are associate degrees from online colleges respected?
Online degrees at the associate level are respected as long as these online degrees come from accredited community colleges or two-year schools. Regional accreditation is important when it comes to online colleges. If you plan to go into a bachelor’s degree program at a regionally accredited school, you must earn your online degree from a regionally accredited associate degree program.
If you need more answers to frequently asked questions about online degrees, we can help.
Best Online Associate Degrees in Pennsylvania 2023
- #5 15 Best Online Colleges for Veterans to Start Their Careers #22 50 Best Public Grad Schools 2025 #1 Best Online Bachelor's in Cybersecurity in Pennsylvania 2025 #1 Best Online Master's Programs in Pennsylvania 2025
Other Rankings
- #3 15 Most Affordable Online Public Health Doctorates (PhDs)
- #3 Top 20 Most Affordable Online Bachelor's in Cybersecurity 2025
- #4 Best Online Master’s in Sustainability and Green Technologies 2025
- #5 Best Online Bachelor's in Strategic Communications Degree Programs
- #6 Best Online MBA Programs in Pennsylvania
- #7 Top 50 Best No GRE Online PhD Degree Programs (Doctorates)
- #8 Most Affordable Online Computer Science PhDs (Doctorates) 2025
- #8 Fastest Accelerated Online Computer Science Doctorates (PhDs)
- #11 Best Online MBAs in Sustainability
- #12 Best Online Colleges in Pennsylvania 2024
- #20 Top 20 Easiest Online Degrees from Accredited Schools in 2024
- #2 Fastest Accelerated Online Bachelor's of Nursing Degree Programs 2024
Online Associate Degrees
Associate of Science in Business Administration
- Required Credits: 60-66
- Completion time: 2-3 years
- Format: Online
AS in Criminal Justice
- Required Credits: 60-66
- Completion time: 2-3 years
- Format: Online
AS in Human Development and Family Studies
- Required Credits: 60-66
- Completion time: 2-3 years
- Format: Online
AS in Information Sciences and Technology
- Required Credits: 60-66
- Completion time: 2-3 years
- Format: Online
AS in Labor and Human Resources
- Required Credits: 60-66
- Completion time: 2-3 years
- Format: Online
AA in Letters, Arts, and Sciences
- Required Credits: 60-66
- Completion time: 2-3 years
- Format: Online
AS in Turfgrass Science and Management
- Required Credits: 60-66
- Completion time: 2-3 years
- Format: Online
- #18 50 Best Christian Colleges and Universities 2024 #1 Best Christian Colleges in Pennsylvania 2025 #7 Best Private Colleges in Pennsylvania 2024 #7 Best Research Universities in Pennsylvania 2025
Other Rankings
Tuition + fees
$62K
Acceptance
23%
Graduation
91%
Student body
12K
Median SAT/ACT
1439/33
Career Outlook for degree at Villanova University
Cost of Degree: $64,701Expenses: $20,296Starting Salary: $87,600Cost Recoup Time: 10 yearsPaid back at 15% of annual salaryOnline Associate Degrees
Associate of General Studies
- Required Credits: 60-66
- Completion time: 2-3 years
- Format: Online
- #20 50 Best Christian Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities 2025 #4 Best Christian Colleges in Pennsylvania 2025 #18 Best Liberal Arts Colleges for Communications Degrees 2025 #18 Best Liberal Arts Colleges for Earning Business Degrees in 2025
Other Rankings
Tuition + fees
$50K
Acceptance
89%
Graduation
82%
Student body
10K
Median SAT/ACT
1240/28
Career Outlook for degree at Saint Joseph's University
Cost of Degree: $51,340Expenses: $18,260Starting Salary: $65,900Cost Recoup Time: 11 yearsPaid back at 15% of annual salaryOnline Associate Degrees
Associate of General Studies
- Required Credits: 60-66
- Completion time: 2-3 years
- Format: Online
- #5 Best Online Bachelor's in Cybersecurity in Pennsylvania 2025 #11 Best Online Colleges in Pennsylvania 2024 #21 Best Online Master's Programs in Pennsylvania 2025
Tuition + fees
$28K
Acceptance
70%
Graduation
61%
Student body
3K
Career Outlook for degree at Immaculata University
Cost of Degree: $28,550Expenses: $17,154Starting Salary: $54,700Cost Recoup Time: 9 yearsPaid back at 15% of annual salaryOnline Associate Degrees
AS in Business Administration
- Required Credits: 63
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in General Studies
- Required Credits: 63
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AS in Information Systems
- Required Credits: None Reported
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AS in Cybersecurity
- Required Credits: 63
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
- #15 Best Online Associate in Accounting 2025 #17 Fastest Online Associate Degrees Ranked for 2024 #20 Best Online Associate in Early Childhood Education
Tuition + fees
$49K
Acceptance
77%
Graduation
68%
Student body
2K
Median SAT/ACT
1200/27
Career Outlook for degree at Lebanon Valley College
Cost of Degree: $50,320Expenses: $19,208Starting Salary: $48,500Cost Recoup Time: 13 yearsPaid back at 15% of annual salaryOnline Associate Degrees
Associate of Early Childhood Education
- Required Credits: 79
- Completion time: 20 months
- Format: Online
Associate of Accounting
- Required Credits: 82
- Completion time: 20 months
- Format: Online
Associate of Digital Communications
- Required Credits: 73
- Completion time: 20 months
- Format: Online
Associate of Business Administration
- Required Credits: 75
- Completion time: 20 months
- Format: Online
- #7 Best Public Colleges in Pennsylvania 2025 #18 Best Online Master's Programs in Pennsylvania 2025 #19 Best Online Colleges in Pennsylvania 2024
Tuition + fees
$18K
Graduation
49%
Student body
5K
Career Outlook for degree at Pennsylvania College of Technology
Cost of Degree: $17,940Expenses: $17,331Starting Salary: $46,100Cost Recoup Time: 8 yearsPaid back at 15% of annual salaryOnline Associate Degrees
AAS in Accounting
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AAS in Business Management
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
- #10 Best Online Associate's in History Degrees 2025 #12 Best Online Associate in Early Childhood Education #13 Best Online Associate in English 2025
Tuition + fees
$42K
Acceptance
95%
Graduation
54%
Student body
3K
Median SAT/ACT
1104/25
Career Outlook for degree at Delaware Valley University
Cost of Degree: $43,300Expenses: $17,790Starting Salary: $44,700Cost Recoup Time: 13 yearsPaid back at 15% of annual salaryOnline Associate Degrees
AS in Business Administration
- Required Credits: 61
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
- #5 Best Community Colleges in Pennsylvania 2025 #6 Best Online Associate in Communications #11 Best Online Associate in Emergency Management 2025 #12 Best Online Associate in Fire Science Degree Programs
Other Rankings
- #16 Best Online Associate's in History Degrees 2025
- #18 Best Online Associate in Entrepreneurship
- #20 Best Online Associate in English 2025
- #20 Best Online Associate in Computer Science Degree Programs 2025
- #23 Best Online Associate in Business Management
- #23 Best Online Associate in Small Business Management
Tuition + fees
$9K
Graduation
25%
Student body
10K
Career Outlook for degree at Bucks County Community College
Cost of Degree: $9,184Starting Salary: $42,300Online Associate Degrees
AA in Criminal Justice
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in History
- Required Credits: 61-63
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in English
Concentrations
- Writing Emphasis
- Secondary Education Emphasis
- Women’s Studies Emphasis
- Required Credits: 61
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Business Administration
- Required Credits: 61-62
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Computer Science
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Communication Studies
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Emergency Management
- Required Credits: 62-63
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AS in Mathematics
- Required Credits: 61
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Information Science
- Required Credits: 61-63
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Fire Science
- Required Credits: 61-63
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Liberal Arts General
- Required Credits: 61-62
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Secondary Education
Concentrations
- History
- Mathematics
- Required Credits: 61-63
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Social Science
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Social Work
- Required Credits: 63
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Psychology
Concentrations
- Interpersonal Emphasis
- Required Credits: 60
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Technical Entrepreneurship
- Required Credits: 60-61
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
- #4 Best Online Bachelor's in Christian Counseling Degree Programs 2025 #9 Best Online Associate in Biblical Studies #12 Best Online Bachelor’s in Biblical Studies #17 Best Online Bachelor’s of Christian Ministry Degree Programs for 2025
Other Rankings
Tuition + fees
$32K
Acceptance
81%
Graduation
56%
Student body
2K
Career Outlook for degree at Cairn University
Cost of Degree: $32,275Expenses: $15,482Starting Salary: $38,700Cost Recoup Time: 12 yearsPaid back at 15% of annual salaryOnline Associate Degrees
AA in Bible
- Required Credits: 60
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AA in Biblical Studies
- Required Credits: 61
- Completion time: 2 years
- Format: Online
Tuition + fees
$17K
Graduation
54%
Student body
2K
Career Outlook for degree at Pittsburgh Technical College
Cost of Degree: $18,980Expenses: $21,828Starting Salary: $37,900Cost Recoup Time: 11 yearsPaid back at 15% of annual salaryOnline Associate Degrees
AS in Criminal Justice
- Required Credits: 101
- Completion time: 21 months
- Format: Online
AS in Medical Office Administration
- Required Credits: 115
- Completion time: 21 months
- Format: Online
AS in Business Administration
Concentrations
- Management
- Required Credits: 110
- Completion time: 21 months
- Format: Online
AS in Electronics Engineering Technology
Concentrations
- Industrial Instrumentation
- Required Credits: 114
- Completion time: 21 months
- Format: Online
Tuition + fees
$26K
Acceptance
86%
Graduation
46%
Student body
3K
Career Outlook for degree at Mount Aloysius College
Cost of Degree: $27,517Expenses: $17,694Starting Salary: $43,200Cost Recoup Time: 11 yearsPaid back at 15% of annual salaryOnline Associate Degrees
AS in Nursing
- Required Credits: 120
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
Tuition + fees
$10K
Graduation
18%
Student body
6K
Career Outlook for degree at Luzerne County Community College
Cost of Degree: $11,130Starting Salary: $35,200Online Associate Degrees
AS in Accounting
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: 2 years
- Format: Online
AAS in Computer Information Systems
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: 2 years
- Format: Online
AS in Computer Information Systems
- Required Credits: 63
- Completion time: 2 years
- Format: Online
AS in General Studies
- Required Credits: 63
- Completion time: 2 years
- Format: Online
AAS in Business Management Technology
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: 2 years
- Format: Online
AAS in Criminal Justice
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: 2 years
- Format: Online
AAS in Office Information Technology
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: 2 years
- Format: Online
AAS in Web and Mobile Development Technology,
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: 2 years
- Format: Online
Tuition + fees
$9K
Graduation
31%
Student body
3K
Career Outlook for degree at Butler County Community College
Cost of Degree: $8,700Starting Salary: $35,200Online Associate Degrees
AS in Accounting
- Required Credits: 62
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
AS in Business Administration
- Required Credits: 60
- Completion time: None Reported
- Format: Online
Pennsylvania is just one of many states offering excellent online associate’s degrees. To check out our rankings, look into the best online associate’s degrees in Michigan, Oregon, Missouri, and more!
Online Degree Frequently Asked Questions
If this is your first time taking an online course, the experience may require a time of adjustment. Although you’ll typically learn the same material and take the same exams as your on-campus peers, going online will require greater independence and responsibility than going in person. You’ll be accountable for your own time management, for harnessing the online educational technology that you’ll need to use, and for completing the course requirements, such as listening to lectures, learning lessons, reading texts, and handing in assignments. This means you’ll need to create a suitable workspace for yourself, maintain a realistic schedule, and take the initiative in building relationships with your instructors and classmates. With online college, your goal is to find a balance between independence and engagement.
No. The only part of online education that’s easier than campus-based education is ease of access: all you need is a computer and an internet connection for online education. But even this seeming advantage of online education can be misleading: what’s easier, studying online with your computer and internet connection from your home where you need to cook, clean, pay rent, and maintain a job? Or studying on campus in a dorm where all your living needs are handled by the school, and college staff are there to help you every step of the way?
If you take the commute to campus out of the equation, campus-based education is easier. All the support structures available on campus for students, especially with real people to help you in person, are not there online. The demands on you as an online student will largely be the same as for your campus-based counterpart, but without the same helps.
In general, your online courses will present the same material and test you in the same way as traditional in-person courses. In many cases, you’ll even have the same instructors as your on-campus counterparts. In fact, if you are adjusting to the experience of independent learning with remote educational technology for the first time, online college may be considerably more challenging than campus-based college. For a few insights on how to manage this new online experience, check out our 10 Tips for Adjusting to School Online.
Accreditation is especially important when it comes to online college. This is because the online education landscape is a mix of highly-reputable non-profit institutions on the one end and less-than-reputable for-profit institutions on the other end. Accreditation gives you the power to identify the more reputable actors in online education. Accreditation is a stamp of approval from an independent accrediting agency indicating that a college or university is meeting standards of quality and credibility. School-wide accreditation falls into two major categories: regional and national accreditation. Regional accreditors generally hold jurisdiction only over schools in the states comprising their region, whereas national accreditors hold jurisdiction over schools in all states. Regional accreditation is widely regarded as a more rigorous standard of quality and credibility than national accreditation.
Attending a college or university that is not regionally accredited could limit your opportunities. For students seeking an online education, we strongly recommend that they opt for regionally accredited schools. Regional accreditation ensures eligibility for federal loans and grants, ensures your college credits can be transferred between schools, and ensures that your degree credits can be accepted if you wish to earn an advanced degree. For more on this important topic, check out our What is Accreditation and Why Does It Matter? College & University Accreditation Guide.
As long as your online college degree is regionally accredited (see the previous point), you should have little difficulty transferring most of your credits or credentials to another regionally accredited undergraduate school. Every school carries its own standards and procedures for granting a transfer of credits. In many cases, you will encounter some bureaucratic haggling in which some of your credits will be transferred and others may be refused. However, provided that you have attended an online school with recognized regional accreditation, you should be in good shape in transferring your credits earned online.
In most cases, as long you graduate from a well-regarded, regionally-accredited online college, prospective employers won’t look sideways at your degree. In fact, unless you attend an exclusively online college or university, there will likely be no specific indicator on your degree, transcript, or resumé differentiating your school from its brick-and-mortar counterpart. This means that your employer will likely only differentiate between an online and in-person degree if you mention this distinction.
Some employers may express the concern that because you did your degree online, you may need to transition from an online education experience to in-person workplace experience. But in an age of Covid, that concern seems much diminished. The fact is that much employment these days is remote. And collaboration increasingly happens online over Zoom. Many employers will therefore view your online degree as evidence of valuable 21st century professional skills such as independence, self-motivation, time management, and tech savvy.
If you are a student who thrives on the dynamic energy of in-person discussion, who requires the physical surroundings of a classroom to feel engaged, or who considers the social aspects of education to be of equal importance to the actual content of your courses, online education will be less than ideal for you (though depending on your circumstances, it may also be the only viable option).
While there is much in traditional campus-based education that can be substituted or simulated through the online medium, some students may find that there is nothing that can replace the conversation, collaboration, and motivation that occur in an actual in-person classroom setting. As you transition to online education, one of the biggest challenges you will likely face in getting the most out of your online classes is overcoming this difference between “real reality” and “virtual reality.” Fortunately, we’ve got some great Tips for Online Education Beginners.
The advantages of online classes are many. Above all, online courses give you the freedom and flexibility to attend class from anywhere that works for you, whether you’re at home, in a coffee shop, or in a quiet conference room at work. In many cases, you’ll also enjoy the convenience of asynchronous learning opportunities-educational experiences that you can complete at your own pace and on your own schedule. This may include pre-taped lectures, ongoing chat-board discussions, and 24/7 access to digital materials. And of course, just as there are some learners who prefer the energy of a live classroom, there are those who learn best when working in their own personal space, free from distractions. If this sounds like you, you might find the solitude of online learning to be a major advantage.
Resources for Online College-Bound Students
Whether you’re just getting started on your college search, you’re looking for survival tips on your way to a bachelor’s degree, or you’re preparing for the transition into grad school, we’ve got guides, how to’s and tons of other valuable resources to keep you moving forward in your educational journey.